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EXAMINING HUNGARY’S ACCESSION PROCESS TO THE EU FROM REPORTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COMMISSION AND EUROPEAN COMMISSION AGAINST RACISM AND INTOLERANCE

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 48, 66 - 95, 30.04.2024

Yusuf Avar

https://doi.org/10.61904/sbe.1388749

Öz

The major goal of this study is to examine Hungary’s situation before the country joined the EU by using the EU’s primary and other sources. In this context, 10 documents prepared by the EU Commission and by the Council of Europe’s European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance were subjected to qualitative content analysis. This study investigates whether Hungary’s EU accession met the Copenhagen criteria. The study’s main argument is that security considerations and identity politics were more influential than Copenhagen’s criteria in determining Hungary’s accession to the EU. The study’s conclusion is that Hungary joined the EU despite having issues with democracy, human rights, and the rule of law- all of which are included in the Copenhagen political criteria.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hungary EU membership Copenhagen Political Criteria EU norms

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, J. J. (2000). Italian Politics: The European Commission under Romano Prodi. Italian Politics, 16, 103–117. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43039691
  • Asmus, R. D. (2008). Europe’s eastern promise: Rethinking NATO and EU enlargement. Foreign Affairs, 95–106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020270?casa_token=YkrxkdY6meAAAAAA:Sip6PULNbaoEkR9IY5E-UDeHjQxNvot8sMDO18wD7uBXllvWXNLciipo_wiD-0AINEonDbijJjP87HmVSclWg6PiTQZ2K8BYTRstySwFL4YL1yi3xfs
  • Barroso, M. (2004). "The European Union and the Emerging World Order-Perceptions and Strategies” [Text]. European Commission - European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_04_499
  • Batory, A. (2001). Hungarian party identities & the question of European Integration. Sussex European Institute Sussex.
  • Batory, A. (2002a). Attitudes to Europe: Ideology, strategy and the issue of European Union membership in Hungarian party politics. Party Politics, 8(5), 525–539.
  • Batory, A. (2002b). The Political Context of EU Accession in Hungary. Chatham House-The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Böröcz, J. (2000). The fox and the raven: The European Union and Hungary renegotiate the margins of “Europe.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42(4), 847–875.
  • Bozóki, A., & Karácsony, G. (2003a). Membership without belonging? Hungary into the European Union: A historic step passively approved. Central European Political Science Review, 4(13), 21–41.
  • Bozóki, A., & Karácsony, G. (2003b). Membership without belonging? Hungary into the European Union: A historic step passively approved. Central European Political Science Review, 4(13), 21–41.
  • Bretherton, C., & Vogler, J. (2002a). The European Union as a global actor. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Bretherton, C., & Vogler, J. (2002b). The European Union as a global actor. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Butler, E. (2007). Hungary and the European Union: The political implications of societal security promotion. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(7), 1115–1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130701607102
  • Castiglione, D. (2009). Political identity in a community of strangers. European Identity, 29–51.
  • Cederman, L. E. (2001). Constructing Europe’s Identity The External Dimension. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Commission, E. (1997a). Commission Opinion on Hungary’s Application for Membership of the European Union: Document Drawn Up on the Basis of COM (97) 2001 Final. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Commission, E. (1997b). Commission Opinion on Hungary’s Application for Membership of the European Union: Document Drawn Up on the Basis of COM (97) 2001 Final. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Commission, E. (1998a). Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (1998b). Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (1999a). 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (1999b). 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (2000a). 2000 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (2000b). 2000 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (2001a). 2001 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2001b). 2001 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2002a). 2002 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2002b). 2002 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2003a). Commission Opinion of 19 February 2003 on the applications for accession to the European Union by the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic.
  • Commission, E. (2003b). Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Hungary’s Preparations for Membership.
  • Commission, E. (2003c). Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Hungary’s Preparations for Membership.
  • Commission, E. (2022). EU enlargement. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/eu-enlargement_en
  • Cottey, A. (1995). East-Central Europe after the cold war: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary in search of security. Springer.
  • Council, E. (2002a). Brussels European Council, 24 and 25 October 2002.
  • Council, E. (2002b). Copenhagen European Council 12 and 13 December 2002. 02.
  • Council of Europe. (1997). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance First Report on Hungary.
  • Council of Europe. (1999). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance Second Report on Hungary.
  • Dimitrova, A., & Pridham, G. (2004). International actors and democracy promotion in Central and Eastern Europe: The integration model and its limits. Democratization, 11(5), 91–112.
  • Dingsdale, A., & Kovacs, Z. (1996). A return to socialism: The Hungarian general election of 1994. Geography, 81(3), 267–272.
  • Directorate for EU Affairs. (2020). Enlargement of the European Union. https://www.ab.gov.tr/enlargement_109_en.html
  • Duponcel, M. (1998). The Europe Agreement between Hungary and the EU: Impacts on Hungarian Agriculture. Russian & East European Finance and Trade, 34(1), 79–96.
  • ECRI. (1997). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance First Report on Hungary. https://rm.coe.int/first-report-on-hungary/16808b57dc
  • ECRI. (1999). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance Second Report on Hungary. ECRI. (2003). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance Third Report on Hungary. https://rm.coe.int/third-report-on-hungary/16808b57e2.
  • Eltet, Ö. D. E. Ç. H. (2010). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinde" Son Dönem". Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 57–75.
  • European Union. (2022). Achievements. https://european-union.europa.eu/priorities-and-actions/achievements_en
  • European Union. (2023). Accession Criteria (Copenhagen criteria). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/accession-criteria-copenhagen-criteria.html
  • Föhrenbach, G. (2001). Security Implications of EU Enlargement. Baltic Defense Review, 2001(6), 7. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/BDR_06.pdf
  • Fowler, B. (2004a). Hungary: Unpicking the permissive consensus. West European Politics, 27(4), 624–651.
  • Fowler, B. (2004b). Nation, State, Europe and national revival in Hungarian party politics: The case of the millennial commemorations. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(1), 57–83.
  • Gottfried, P., & Györkös, P. (2007). The Accession of Hungary to the EU. Oxford University Press.
  • Greskovits, B., & Bohle, D. (2001). Development paths on Europe’s periphery: Hungary’s and Poland’s return to Europe compared. Polish Sociological Review, 3–27.
  • Hegedüs, I. (1999). European ideas, Hungarian realities. Federal Trust for Education and Research.
  • Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley (Content Analysis).
  • Hughes, J., Sasse, G., & Gordon, C. (2005). Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU? s Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. Springer.
  • Janse, R. (2018). The evolution of the political criteria for accession to the European Community, 1957–1973. European Law Journal, 24(1), 57–76.
  • Karadeniz, D. (2020). Sovyetler Birliği Ekseninden Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine: Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Ekonomik ve Siyasal Dönüşümün Analizi. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 6(1), 1–21.
  • Kuus, M. (2007). Geopolitics reframed: Security and identity in Europe’s eastern enlargement. Springer. https://books.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=9PKLDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Geopolitics+Reframed+Security+and+Identity+in+Europe%E2%80%99s+Eastern+Enlargement&ots=FE4NFjeYtR&sig=IG185BIIIlZYT913goJ5IZkfJCM Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland, https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/visegrad-group (29.12.2023).
  • Nas, Ç., & Özer, Y. (2017). Turkey and EU integration: Achievements and obstacles. Routledge.
  • Navracsics, T. (1997a). A missing debate?: Hungary and the European Union. Sussex European Institute Sussex.
  • Navracsics, T. (1997b). A missing debate?: Hungary and the European Union. Sussex European Institute Sussex.
  • Nefes, S. T. (2022). Using content analysis to study political texts: Notes on Turkish parliamentary debates. Mediterranean Politics, 27(2), 264–271.
  • O’Brennan, J. (2006). ‘Bringing Geopolitics Back In’: Exploring the Security Dimension of the 2004 Eastern Enlargement of the European Union. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(1), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570500501911
  • Palánkai, T. (1998). Hungary and her EU Membership. Társadalom És Gazdaság Közép-És Kelet-Európában/Society and Economy in Central and Eastern Europe, 162–174.
  • Palánkai, T. (1999). Economic policy conditions of Hungary’s EU joining. Társadalom És Gazdaság Közép-És Kelet-Európában/Society and Economy in Central and Eastern Europe, 10–23.
  • Pérez, S. M. R. (2023). José María Gil-Robles Gil-Delgado (1935-2023) President of the European Parliament, 1997-1999. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service PE 745.687 – March 2023. Pogany, I. (1993). Constitutional reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Hungary’s transition to democracy. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 42(2), 332–355.
  • Poláčková, H. (1994a). Regional Cooperation in Central Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia: From Visegrad to CEFTA. Perspectives, 3, 117–129.
  • Poláčková, H. (1994b). Regional Cooperation in Central Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia: from Visegrad to CEFTA. Perspectives, 3, 117–129.
  • Prodi, R. (2002). A Wider Europe—A Proximity Policy as the key to stability. “Peace, Security And Stability - International Dialogue and the Role of the EU” Sixth ECSA-World Conference. Jean Monnet Project. Brussels, 5-6 December 2002.
  • Prodi, R. (2001). Romano Prodi President of the European Commission Bringing the family together Academy of Sciences Budapest, 4 April 2001 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_01_158 (29.12.2023).
  • Rapcsák, J. (1994). Hungarian Foreign Policy—With Some Historical Hindsight. Perspectives, 3, 71–78.
  • Rumelili, B. (2014). İnşacılık/Konstrüktivizm. Küresel Siyasete Giriş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kavramlar, Teoriler, Süreçler, 151–173.
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MACARİSTAN’IN AB ÜYELİK SÜRECİNİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ KOMİSYONU ile IRKÇILIĞA ve HOŞGÖRÜSÜZLÜĞE KARŞI AVRUPA KOMİSYONU RAPORLARINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 48, 66 - 95, 30.04.2024

Yusuf Avar

https://doi.org/10.61904/sbe.1388749

Öz

Çalışmanın temel amacı, Macaristan’ın AB üyesi olmadan önceki durumunu AB’nin birincil kaynaklarından ve diğer kaynaklardan incelemektir. Bu kapsamda, Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu ve Avrupa Konseyi’nin Irkçılığa ve Hoşgörüsüzlüğe Karşı Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından 1997-2003 yılları arasında yayımlanan 10 raporun nitel içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Macaristan’ın AB üyeliğinin Kopenhag Kriterleri çerçevesinde gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı, Macaristan’ın tam anlamıyla AB üyeliğinin Kopenhag Kriterleri çerçevesinde gerçekleşmediği bunun yerine güvenlik endişelerinin ve kimlik siyasetinin üyelik sürecinde daha etkili olduğudur. Macaristan’ın Kopenhag Siyasi Kriterleri arasında yer alan demokrasi, insan hakları ve hukukun üstünlüğü konusunda önemli sorunları olmasına rağmen AB üyesi olmayı başardığı olgusu çalışmanın vardığı temel sonuçtur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Macaristan AB üyeliği Kopenhag Siyasi Kriterleri AB normları

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, J. J. (2000). Italian Politics: The European Commission under Romano Prodi. Italian Politics, 16, 103–117. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43039691
  • Asmus, R. D. (2008). Europe’s eastern promise: Rethinking NATO and EU enlargement. Foreign Affairs, 95–106. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020270?casa_token=YkrxkdY6meAAAAAA:Sip6PULNbaoEkR9IY5E-UDeHjQxNvot8sMDO18wD7uBXllvWXNLciipo_wiD-0AINEonDbijJjP87HmVSclWg6PiTQZ2K8BYTRstySwFL4YL1yi3xfs
  • Barroso, M. (2004). "The European Union and the Emerging World Order-Perceptions and Strategies” [Text]. European Commission - European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_04_499
  • Batory, A. (2001). Hungarian party identities & the question of European Integration. Sussex European Institute Sussex.
  • Batory, A. (2002a). Attitudes to Europe: Ideology, strategy and the issue of European Union membership in Hungarian party politics. Party Politics, 8(5), 525–539.
  • Batory, A. (2002b). The Political Context of EU Accession in Hungary. Chatham House-The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Böröcz, J. (2000). The fox and the raven: The European Union and Hungary renegotiate the margins of “Europe.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42(4), 847–875.
  • Bozóki, A., & Karácsony, G. (2003a). Membership without belonging? Hungary into the European Union: A historic step passively approved. Central European Political Science Review, 4(13), 21–41.
  • Bozóki, A., & Karácsony, G. (2003b). Membership without belonging? Hungary into the European Union: A historic step passively approved. Central European Political Science Review, 4(13), 21–41.
  • Bretherton, C., & Vogler, J. (2002a). The European Union as a global actor. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Bretherton, C., & Vogler, J. (2002b). The European Union as a global actor. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Butler, E. (2007). Hungary and the European Union: The political implications of societal security promotion. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(7), 1115–1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130701607102
  • Castiglione, D. (2009). Political identity in a community of strangers. European Identity, 29–51.
  • Cederman, L. E. (2001). Constructing Europe’s Identity The External Dimension. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Commission, E. (1997a). Commission Opinion on Hungary’s Application for Membership of the European Union: Document Drawn Up on the Basis of COM (97) 2001 Final. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Commission, E. (1997b). Commission Opinion on Hungary’s Application for Membership of the European Union: Document Drawn Up on the Basis of COM (97) 2001 Final. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Commission, E. (1998a). Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (1998b). Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (1999a). 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (1999b). 1999 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (2000a). 2000 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (2000b). 2000 Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession.
  • Commission, E. (2001a). 2001 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2001b). 2001 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2002a). 2002 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2002b). 2002 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accessıon.
  • Commission, E. (2003a). Commission Opinion of 19 February 2003 on the applications for accession to the European Union by the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic.
  • Commission, E. (2003b). Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Hungary’s Preparations for Membership.
  • Commission, E. (2003c). Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Hungary’s Preparations for Membership.
  • Commission, E. (2022). EU enlargement. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/eu-enlargement_en
  • Cottey, A. (1995). East-Central Europe after the cold war: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary in search of security. Springer.
  • Council, E. (2002a). Brussels European Council, 24 and 25 October 2002.
  • Council, E. (2002b). Copenhagen European Council 12 and 13 December 2002. 02.
  • Council of Europe. (1997). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance First Report on Hungary.
  • Council of Europe. (1999). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance Second Report on Hungary.
  • Dimitrova, A., & Pridham, G. (2004). International actors and democracy promotion in Central and Eastern Europe: The integration model and its limits. Democratization, 11(5), 91–112.
  • Dingsdale, A., & Kovacs, Z. (1996). A return to socialism: The Hungarian general election of 1994. Geography, 81(3), 267–272.
  • Directorate for EU Affairs. (2020). Enlargement of the European Union. https://www.ab.gov.tr/enlargement_109_en.html
  • Duponcel, M. (1998). The Europe Agreement between Hungary and the EU: Impacts on Hungarian Agriculture. Russian & East European Finance and Trade, 34(1), 79–96.
  • ECRI. (1997). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance First Report on Hungary. https://rm.coe.int/first-report-on-hungary/16808b57dc
  • ECRI. (1999). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance Second Report on Hungary. ECRI. (2003). European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance Third Report on Hungary. https://rm.coe.int/third-report-on-hungary/16808b57e2.
  • Eltet, Ö. D. E. Ç. H. (2010). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinde" Son Dönem". Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 57–75.
  • European Union. (2022). Achievements. https://european-union.europa.eu/priorities-and-actions/achievements_en
  • European Union. (2023). Accession Criteria (Copenhagen criteria). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/accession-criteria-copenhagen-criteria.html
  • Föhrenbach, G. (2001). Security Implications of EU Enlargement. Baltic Defense Review, 2001(6), 7. https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/BDR_06.pdf
  • Fowler, B. (2004a). Hungary: Unpicking the permissive consensus. West European Politics, 27(4), 624–651.
  • Fowler, B. (2004b). Nation, State, Europe and national revival in Hungarian party politics: The case of the millennial commemorations. Europe-Asia Studies, 56(1), 57–83.
  • Gottfried, P., & Györkös, P. (2007). The Accession of Hungary to the EU. Oxford University Press.
  • Greskovits, B., & Bohle, D. (2001). Development paths on Europe’s periphery: Hungary’s and Poland’s return to Europe compared. Polish Sociological Review, 3–27.
  • Hegedüs, I. (1999). European ideas, Hungarian realities. Federal Trust for Education and Research.
  • Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley (Content Analysis).
  • Hughes, J., Sasse, G., & Gordon, C. (2005). Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU? s Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. Springer.
  • Janse, R. (2018). The evolution of the political criteria for accession to the European Community, 1957–1973. European Law Journal, 24(1), 57–76.
  • Karadeniz, D. (2020). Sovyetler Birliği Ekseninden Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğine: Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Ekonomik ve Siyasal Dönüşümün Analizi. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 6(1), 1–21.
  • Kuus, M. (2007). Geopolitics reframed: Security and identity in Europe’s eastern enlargement. Springer. https://books.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=9PKLDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Geopolitics+Reframed+Security+and+Identity+in+Europe%E2%80%99s+Eastern+Enlargement&ots=FE4NFjeYtR&sig=IG185BIIIlZYT913goJ5IZkfJCM Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland, https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/visegrad-group (29.12.2023).
  • Nas, Ç., & Özer, Y. (2017). Turkey and EU integration: Achievements and obstacles. Routledge.
  • Navracsics, T. (1997a). A missing debate?: Hungary and the European Union. Sussex European Institute Sussex.
  • Navracsics, T. (1997b). A missing debate?: Hungary and the European Union. Sussex European Institute Sussex.
  • Nefes, S. T. (2022). Using content analysis to study political texts: Notes on Turkish parliamentary debates. Mediterranean Politics, 27(2), 264–271.
  • O’Brennan, J. (2006). ‘Bringing Geopolitics Back In’: Exploring the Security Dimension of the 2004 Eastern Enlargement of the European Union. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(1), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570500501911
  • Palánkai, T. (1998). Hungary and her EU Membership. Társadalom És Gazdaság Közép-És Kelet-Európában/Society and Economy in Central and Eastern Europe, 162–174.
  • Palánkai, T. (1999). Economic policy conditions of Hungary’s EU joining. Társadalom És Gazdaság Közép-És Kelet-Európában/Society and Economy in Central and Eastern Europe, 10–23.
  • Pérez, S. M. R. (2023). José María Gil-Robles Gil-Delgado (1935-2023) President of the European Parliament, 1997-1999. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service PE 745.687 – March 2023. Pogany, I. (1993). Constitutional reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Hungary’s transition to democracy. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 42(2), 332–355.
  • Poláčková, H. (1994a). Regional Cooperation in Central Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia: From Visegrad to CEFTA. Perspectives, 3, 117–129.
  • Poláčková, H. (1994b). Regional Cooperation in Central Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia: from Visegrad to CEFTA. Perspectives, 3, 117–129.
  • Prodi, R. (2002). A Wider Europe—A Proximity Policy as the key to stability. “Peace, Security And Stability - International Dialogue and the Role of the EU” Sixth ECSA-World Conference. Jean Monnet Project. Brussels, 5-6 December 2002.
  • Prodi, R. (2001). Romano Prodi President of the European Commission Bringing the family together Academy of Sciences Budapest, 4 April 2001 https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_01_158 (29.12.2023).
  • Rapcsák, J. (1994). Hungarian Foreign Policy—With Some Historical Hindsight. Perspectives, 3, 71–78.
  • Rumelili, B. (2014). İnşacılık/Konstrüktivizm. Küresel Siyasete Giriş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kavramlar, Teoriler, Süreçler, 151–173.
  • Santer, J. (2012). Statement made by Jacques Santer to the European Parliament on EU enlargement (2 March 1995). Debates of the European Parliament. Report of proceedings. 02.03.1995, No 4-458. Luxembourg: Official Journal of the European Communities. http://www.cvce.eu/obj/statement_made_by_jacques_santer_to_the_european_parliament_on_eu_enlargement_2_march _1995-en-d68461e5-5155-4f55-bced-535d078ff5dd.html
  • Schimmelfennig, F. (2001). The community trap: Liberal norms, rhetorical action, and the eastern enlargement of the European Union. International Organization, 55(1), 47–80.
  • Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice, 1–280.
  • Sjursen, H. (2002). Why Expand?: The Question of Legitimacy and Justification in the EU’s Enlargement Policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(3), 491–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00366
  • Stefanova, B. (2005). The European Union as a security actor: Security provision through enlargement. World Affs., 168, 51. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wrldaf168&section=11
  • Topaloğlu, G. (2018). Avrupa Birliği’nden Ayrılma Hakkı ve BREXIT Süreci. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 34, 341–365.
  • Tsounis, N., & Kiss, J. (1999). Hungary’s Accession to the EU, Competitiveness and Trade. Acta Oeconomica, 333–350.
  • Varga, I. (2000). Development of the Hungarian Foreign Policy in the Last Ten Years A comparison of the foreign policy programs of the post-transition Hungarian governments. National Security and the Future, 1(2.), 117–131.
  • White, B. (2001). Understanding European foreign policy. Palgrave.
  • Wiarda, H. J. (2001). The politics of European enlargement: NATO, the EU, and the new US-European relationship. World Affs., 164, 178. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wrldaf164&section=26
  • Yilmaz, E. S. A. (2014). Political Identity Building in the EU: A Constructivist Approach/Avrupa Birligi’nde Politik Kimligin Olusumu: Yapisalci Yaklasim. Akademik Incelemeler Dergisi, 9(1), 47.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa ve Bölge Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yusuf Avar 0000-0001-8507-9579

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Avar, Y. (2024). MACARİSTAN’IN AB ÜYELİK SÜRECİNİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ KOMİSYONU ile IRKÇILIĞA ve HOŞGÖRÜSÜZLÜĞE KARŞI AVRUPA KOMİSYONU RAPORLARINDAN İNCELENMESİ. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(48), 66-95. https://doi.org/10.61904/sbe.1388749

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