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'Teología de la Liberación': Gustavo Gutiérrez’s Liberation Theology and Theological Reflections

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 26, 13 - 28, 20.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1402195

Öz

Liberation Theology (Teología de la Liberación) is a theology that emerged within Catholic Christianity in Latin America in the 1960s. The founder of this theology, which is considered one of the most important and modern theologies of the 20th century, is Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez. This article is about Gutiérrez's life, method, ideas and the impact of the theology based on these ideas on different beliefs and theologies, especially Christianity. Gutiérrez, whose biography is partially included in the article to form the basis of his theological thought, is a theologian who developed his thoughts through his experiences living with the poor. Our findings that Gutiérrez's experiences were effective in the emergence of Liberation Theology constitute the main subject of the article. Liberation Theology combined the local religious experiences of the Latin American poor with the Second Vatican Council's opening of Catholic theology to different cultures and beliefs. Thus, he revealed a new way to sustain and spread modern Christianity through local poverty experiences. With this, the theologies that emerged first from Catholic Christianity and then as a reaction to the poor, oppression and persecution environment especially in third world countries are discussed in terms of subject, method, etc. influenced by its aspects. Liberation Theology, which differs from the traditional line by being based on the experience of poverty and guiding the third world, as well as using concrete data of social sciences and controversial techniques such as Marxist analysis in theology, has almost blazed a trail in Christianity with this attitude, like Protestantism that emerged in the 16th century. Therefore, it is important to understand a theology of modern Christianity that has worldwide effects. In this article, Liberation Theology, which has made a name for itself with its extraordinary practices and has been the subject of many studies, especially in foreign sources, has been examined through Gutiérrez, who is the father of the idea, unlike existing research. In this regard, "What is Liberation Theology and its methodology?", "Who is Gustavo Gutiérrez?", "What is the place of Gustavo Gutiérrez in this theology?" and “What are the reasons that led Gustavo Gutiérrez to this theology?” Answers to these questions were sought. In this effort, Liberation Theology interprets the Exodus chapter of the Bible based on freedom by using Marxist left discourses instrumentally in theology, guides the liberation theologies that emerged later with its work titled Teología de la Liberación: Perspectivas, and creates a transition between societies with its discourses that can address the needs of modern people. It has been determined that it affects large masses by providing. As a result, it has been revealed that Gutiérrez's theological approach is a theology that supports the ideals of the Second Vatican Council and modern missiological studies of Christianity.

Destekleyen Kurum

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University The Scientific Research Projects Unit

Proje Numarası

SDK-2019-1044

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, M. (2000). Bir Hıristiyan Kurtuluş Teolojisinden Dinlerin Bir Kurtuluş Teolojisine Doğru. Dîvân, (9), 133-150.
  • Aydın, M. (2003). Özgürlük Teolojisinin İslami İzdüşümleri Latin Amerika Kökenli Özgürlük Teolojisi Perspektifinden Kur’an’a Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Tezkire Dergisi, (31-32), 137-156.
  • Bacik, J. J. (1989). Contemporary Theologians. Chicago: Thomas More Press.
  • Bennett, Z. (2011). “Eylem Herkesin Hayatıdır”: Kurtuluş Teolojisinin Pratiğe Dayalı Epistemolojisi. İçinde C. Rowland (Ed.), & M. F. Karakaya & S. Altınçekiç (Çev.), Kurtuluş Teolojisi (ss. 241-258). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Betto, F. (1989). Gustavo Gutiérrez—A Friendly Profile. Within M. H. Ellis & O. Maduro (Ed.), The Future of Liberation Theology: Essays in Honor of Gustavo Gutiérrez (ss. 31-37). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Betto, F. (2016). Fidel ve Din (Ö. Erman, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Betto, F. (2018, Agosto del). Gustavo Gutiérrez, Padre de la Teología de la Liberación. La Palabra de la Universidad del Valle, ss. 4-6.
  • Bidegain, A. M., & Soler, J. J. S. (2010). Religion in Latin America. Hemisphere, 19 (1), 5-7.
  • Blue, J. R. (1989). Origins of Gustavo Gutiérrez “A Theology of Liberation” (Ph.D Thesis). The University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Brackley, D. (1996). Divine Revolution: Salvation & Liberation in Catholic Thought. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Brown, H. O. J. (1984). What is Liberation Theology? Within Liberation Theology (ss. 3-16). Milford, Mich: Mott Media.
  • Brown, R. M. (1980). Makers of Contemporary Theology: Gustavo Gutiérrez. Atlanta: John Knox Press.
  • Brown, R. M. (1990). Reflections of a North American: The Future of Liberation Theology. Within M. H. Ellis & O. Maduro (Ed.), Expanding the View: Gustavo Gutiérrez and the Future of Liberation Theology (ss. 194-206). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Brown, R. M. (2013). Gustavo Gutiérrez: An Introduction to Liberation Theology. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
  • Cadorette, C. (1988). From the Heart of the People: The Theology of Gustavo Gutiérrez. Oak Park, IL: Meyer Stone & Co.
  • Carmody, J., & Carmody, D. L. (1980). Contemporary Catholic Theology: An Introduction. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • Cubells, V. B. (2011). Gustavo Gutiérrez, Padre de la Teología de la Liberación. Facultad de Teología, Valencia, 1-21.
  • Cussiánovich, A. (1979). Religious Life and The Poor: Liberation Theology Perspectives. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Duncan, W. B., A, B., & A, M. (1995). The Political Philosophy of Gustavo Gutiérrez (PhD Thesis). Texas Tech University.
  • Eagleson, J. (1987). Gustavo Gutiérrez. Within J. Eagleson (Ed.), Against Machismo: Rubem Alves, Leonardo Boff, Gustavo Gutiérrez, José Miguez Bonino, Juan Luis Segundo ... And Others Talk About the Struggle of Women: Interviews (ss. 39-48). Yorktown Heights, NY: Meyer-Stone Books.
  • Eliade, M. (2003). Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi (C. 3; A. Berktay, Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Elizondo, V. (2009). Jesus the Galilean Jew in Mestizo Theology. Theological Studies, 70, 262-280.
  • Füssel, K. (1996). Anlaşmazlığın Sonu. İçinde İ. Cüre (Çev.), Marksizm ve Din (ss. 120-130). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Gibellini, R. (Ed.). (1979). Frontiers of Theology in Latin America. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gorman, R. A. (1990). Marxism and Theology in Liberal America. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 3 (4), 463-483.
  • Groody, D. G. (2011). Gustavo Gutiérrez: Spiritual Writings. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1982). El Dios de la Vida. Lima, Perú: Departamento de Teología Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1987). On Job (M. O’connell, Çev.). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1988). A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation (S. C. Inda & J. Eagleson, Çev.). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1990). The Truth Shall Make You Free: Confrontations. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1991). The God of Life. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1993a). Las Casas: In Search of The Poor of Jesus Christ. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1993b). Option Pour les Pauvres: Bilan et Enjeux. Théologiques, 1 (2), 121-134.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1997). Sharing The Word Through The Liturgical Year. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2003a). We Drink from Our Own Wells: The Spiritual Journey of a People (M. J. O’connell, Çev.). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2003b, February 3). Remembering the Poor: An Interview with Gustavo Gutiérrez (D. Hartnett) [University of Notre Dame].
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2004). The Power of The Poor in History (R. R. Barr, Çev.). Wipf & Stock.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2015a). The Situation and Tasks of Liberation Theology Today. Within J. B. Nickoloff (Çev.), On The Side of The Poor: The Theology of Liberation (ss. 32-53). Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2015b). Theology: An Ecclesial Function. Within J. B. Nickoloff (Çev.), On The Side of The Poor: The Theology of Liberation (ss. 1-10). Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G., & Shaull, R. (1977). Liberation and Change. Atlanta: John Knox Press.
  • Güder, S. (2021). Kurtuluş Teolojisi ve Öze Dönüş: Hıristiyan ve İslami Perspektifler. İstanbul: Büyüyenay Yayınları.
  • Güngör, A. İ. (2016). Cizvitler. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat.
  • Hinnells, J. R. (1991). Who’s Who of World Religions. London: Macmillan.
  • Hoy, T. (1986). Gustavo Gutiérrez: Latin American Liberation Theology. International Journal of Social Economics, 13 (9).
  • Iguíñiz, J. (1976). Statement by Javier Iguíñiz. Within S. Torres & J. Eagleson (Ed.), Theology in the Americas (ss. 284-286). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Kim, S. C. (2012). An Immigration of Theology: Theology of Context as The Theological Method of Virgilio Elizondo and Gustavo Gutiérrez. Eugene, Or: Pickwick Publications.
  • Kirwan, M. (2012). Liberation Theology and Catholic Social Teaching. New Blackfriars, 93 (1044), 246-258.
  • Libanio, J. B. (2013). Teologia em Revisão Crítica (Theology in Critical Review). Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, 11 (32), 1328-1356.
  • Löwy, M. (1996a). Marksizm ve Din (İ. Cüre, Çev.). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Martin, E. J. (2003). Liberation Theology, Sustainable Development, and Postmodern Public Administration. Latin American Perspectives, 30 (4), 69-91.
  • McGovern, A. F. (1989). Liberation Theology and Its Critics: Toward an Assessment. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • McGrath, A. E. (2011). Christian Theology: An Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
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'Teología de la Liberación': Gustavo Gutiérrez’in Özgürlük Teolojisi ve Teolojik Yansımaları

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 26, 13 - 28, 20.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1402195

Öz

Özgürlük Teolojisi (Teología de la Liberación), 1960’larda Latin Amerika’daki Katolik Hıristiyanlık içinde ortaya çıkmış bir teolojidir. XX. yy. ın en önemli ve modern teolojilerden biri kabul edilen bu teolojinin fikir babası, Perulu teolog Gustavo Gutiérrez’dir. Bu makale, Gutiérrez’in hayatını, metodunu, fikirlerini ve bu fikirler temelindeki teolojinin Hıristiyanlık başta olmak üzere farklı inanç ve teolojilere etkisini konu edinmektedir. Teolojik düşüncesine temel oluşturmak için makalede biyografisine kısmen yer verilen Gutiérrez, yoksullarla birlikte yaşayarak edindiği deneyimler üzerinden düşüncelerini geliştiren bir teologdur. Gutiérrez’in bu deneyimlerinin Özgürlük Teolojisi’nin ortaya çıkışında etkili olduğuna dair tespitlerimiz, makalenin ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Özgürlük Teolojisi, Latin Amerika yoksullarının yerel dinî deneyimlerini II. Vatikan Konsili’nin Katolik teolojiyi farklı kültür ve inançlara açık hale getirmesiyle birleştirmiştir. Böylece modern Hıristiyanlığı yerel yoksulluk deneyimleri üzerinden yaşatmanın ve yaymanın yeni bir yolunu ortaya koymuştur. Bununla önce Katolik Hıristiyanlığı sonrasında ise özellikle üçüncü dünya ülkelerinin yoksul, baskı ve zulüm ortamına tepki olarak ortaya çıkan teolojileri konu, metot vb. yönlerinden etkilemiştir. Yoksulluk deneyimine dayanma, üçüncü dünyaya rehberlik yanında sosyal bilimlerin somut verilerini ve Marksist analiz gibi tartışmalı teknikleri teolojide kullanmasıyla da geleneksel çizgiden ayrılan Özgürlük Teolojisi, bu tutumuyla XVI. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Protestanlık gibi adeta Hıristiyanlık’ta çığır açmıştır. Dolayısıyla modern Hıristiyanlığın dünya çapında etkileri görülen bir teolojisinin anlaşılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu makalede, sıra dışı uygulamalarıyla adından söz ettiren ve özellikle yabancı kaynaklarda birçok araştırmaya konu olan Özgürlük Teolojisi, mevcut araştırmalardan farklı olarak fikir babası konumundaki Gutiérrez üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda “Özgürlük Teolojisi ve onun metodolojisi nedir?”, “Gustavo Gutiérrez kimdir?”, “Gustavo Gutiérrez’in bu teolojideki yeri nedir?” ve “Gustavo Gutiérrez’i bu teolojiye yönelten sebepler nelerdir?” sorularına cevaplar aranmıştır. Bu çabayla Özgürlük Teolojisi’nin Marksist sol söylemleri teolojide araçsal şekilde kullanarak Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Çıkış bölümünü özgürlük temelli yorumladığı, Teología de la Liberación: Perspectivas adlı eseriyle sonradan ortaya çıkan özgürlük teolojilerine rehberlik ettiği, modern insanın ihtiyaçlarına hitap edebilen söylemleriyle toplumlar arasında geçişkenlik sağlayarak geniş kitleleri etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçta Gutiérrez’in teolojik yaklaşımının, II. Vatikan Konsili ideallerine ve Hıristiyanlığın modern misyoloji çalışmalarına destek veren bir teoloji olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Destekleyen Kurum

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Proje Numarası

SDK-2019-1044

Kaynakça

  • Aydın, M. (2000). Bir Hıristiyan Kurtuluş Teolojisinden Dinlerin Bir Kurtuluş Teolojisine Doğru. Dîvân, (9), 133-150.
  • Aydın, M. (2003). Özgürlük Teolojisinin İslami İzdüşümleri Latin Amerika Kökenli Özgürlük Teolojisi Perspektifinden Kur’an’a Yeni Bir Yaklaşım. Tezkire Dergisi, (31-32), 137-156.
  • Bacik, J. J. (1989). Contemporary Theologians. Chicago: Thomas More Press.
  • Bennett, Z. (2011). “Eylem Herkesin Hayatıdır”: Kurtuluş Teolojisinin Pratiğe Dayalı Epistemolojisi. İçinde C. Rowland (Ed.), & M. F. Karakaya & S. Altınçekiç (Çev.), Kurtuluş Teolojisi (ss. 241-258). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Betto, F. (1989). Gustavo Gutiérrez—A Friendly Profile. Within M. H. Ellis & O. Maduro (Ed.), The Future of Liberation Theology: Essays in Honor of Gustavo Gutiérrez (ss. 31-37). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Betto, F. (2016). Fidel ve Din (Ö. Erman, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Betto, F. (2018, Agosto del). Gustavo Gutiérrez, Padre de la Teología de la Liberación. La Palabra de la Universidad del Valle, ss. 4-6.
  • Bidegain, A. M., & Soler, J. J. S. (2010). Religion in Latin America. Hemisphere, 19 (1), 5-7.
  • Blue, J. R. (1989). Origins of Gustavo Gutiérrez “A Theology of Liberation” (Ph.D Thesis). The University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Brackley, D. (1996). Divine Revolution: Salvation & Liberation in Catholic Thought. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Brown, H. O. J. (1984). What is Liberation Theology? Within Liberation Theology (ss. 3-16). Milford, Mich: Mott Media.
  • Brown, R. M. (1980). Makers of Contemporary Theology: Gustavo Gutiérrez. Atlanta: John Knox Press.
  • Brown, R. M. (1990). Reflections of a North American: The Future of Liberation Theology. Within M. H. Ellis & O. Maduro (Ed.), Expanding the View: Gustavo Gutiérrez and the Future of Liberation Theology (ss. 194-206). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Brown, R. M. (2013). Gustavo Gutiérrez: An Introduction to Liberation Theology. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
  • Cadorette, C. (1988). From the Heart of the People: The Theology of Gustavo Gutiérrez. Oak Park, IL: Meyer Stone & Co.
  • Carmody, J., & Carmody, D. L. (1980). Contemporary Catholic Theology: An Introduction. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • Cubells, V. B. (2011). Gustavo Gutiérrez, Padre de la Teología de la Liberación. Facultad de Teología, Valencia, 1-21.
  • Cussiánovich, A. (1979). Religious Life and The Poor: Liberation Theology Perspectives. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Duncan, W. B., A, B., & A, M. (1995). The Political Philosophy of Gustavo Gutiérrez (PhD Thesis). Texas Tech University.
  • Eagleson, J. (1987). Gustavo Gutiérrez. Within J. Eagleson (Ed.), Against Machismo: Rubem Alves, Leonardo Boff, Gustavo Gutiérrez, José Miguez Bonino, Juan Luis Segundo ... And Others Talk About the Struggle of Women: Interviews (ss. 39-48). Yorktown Heights, NY: Meyer-Stone Books.
  • Eliade, M. (2003). Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi (C. 3; A. Berktay, Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Elizondo, V. (2009). Jesus the Galilean Jew in Mestizo Theology. Theological Studies, 70, 262-280.
  • Füssel, K. (1996). Anlaşmazlığın Sonu. İçinde İ. Cüre (Çev.), Marksizm ve Din (ss. 120-130). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Gibellini, R. (Ed.). (1979). Frontiers of Theology in Latin America. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gorman, R. A. (1990). Marxism and Theology in Liberal America. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 3 (4), 463-483.
  • Groody, D. G. (2011). Gustavo Gutiérrez: Spiritual Writings. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1982). El Dios de la Vida. Lima, Perú: Departamento de Teología Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1987). On Job (M. O’connell, Çev.). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1988). A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation (S. C. Inda & J. Eagleson, Çev.). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1990). The Truth Shall Make You Free: Confrontations. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1991). The God of Life. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1993a). Las Casas: In Search of The Poor of Jesus Christ. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1993b). Option Pour les Pauvres: Bilan et Enjeux. Théologiques, 1 (2), 121-134.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (1997). Sharing The Word Through The Liturgical Year. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2003a). We Drink from Our Own Wells: The Spiritual Journey of a People (M. J. O’connell, Çev.). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2003b, February 3). Remembering the Poor: An Interview with Gustavo Gutiérrez (D. Hartnett) [University of Notre Dame].
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2004). The Power of The Poor in History (R. R. Barr, Çev.). Wipf & Stock.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2015a). The Situation and Tasks of Liberation Theology Today. Within J. B. Nickoloff (Çev.), On The Side of The Poor: The Theology of Liberation (ss. 32-53). Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G. (2015b). Theology: An Ecclesial Function. Within J. B. Nickoloff (Çev.), On The Side of The Poor: The Theology of Liberation (ss. 1-10). Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
  • Gutiérrez, G., & Shaull, R. (1977). Liberation and Change. Atlanta: John Knox Press.
  • Güder, S. (2021). Kurtuluş Teolojisi ve Öze Dönüş: Hıristiyan ve İslami Perspektifler. İstanbul: Büyüyenay Yayınları.
  • Güngör, A. İ. (2016). Cizvitler. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat.
  • Hinnells, J. R. (1991). Who’s Who of World Religions. London: Macmillan.
  • Hoy, T. (1986). Gustavo Gutiérrez: Latin American Liberation Theology. International Journal of Social Economics, 13 (9).
  • Iguíñiz, J. (1976). Statement by Javier Iguíñiz. Within S. Torres & J. Eagleson (Ed.), Theology in the Americas (ss. 284-286). Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • Kim, S. C. (2012). An Immigration of Theology: Theology of Context as The Theological Method of Virgilio Elizondo and Gustavo Gutiérrez. Eugene, Or: Pickwick Publications.
  • Kirwan, M. (2012). Liberation Theology and Catholic Social Teaching. New Blackfriars, 93 (1044), 246-258.
  • Libanio, J. B. (2013). Teologia em Revisão Crítica (Theology in Critical Review). Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, 11 (32), 1328-1356.
  • Löwy, M. (1996a). Marksizm ve Din (İ. Cüre, Çev.). İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Martin, E. J. (2003). Liberation Theology, Sustainable Development, and Postmodern Public Administration. Latin American Perspectives, 30 (4), 69-91.
  • McGovern, A. F. (1989). Liberation Theology and Its Critics: Toward an Assessment. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books.
  • McGrath, A. E. (2011). Christian Theology: An Introduction. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • McKenna, M. A. (1983). Liberation Theology Method and Lonergan’s Method of Theologizing: A Universal Experience of Conversion (Doctoral Dissertations). The Faculty of the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California.
  • Morales-Franceschini, E. (2018). Latin American Liberation Theology. Global South Studies: A Collective Publication with The Global South.
  • Murphy, R. (1987). Scripture and Church History. Within Concilium : Religion in the Eighties. Exodus, a Lasting Paradigm (ss. 3-8). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
  • Müller, G. L. (2009). Mis Experiencias con la Teología de la Liberación. Páginas: Centro de Estudios y Publicaciones, 34 (213), 22-31.
  • Müller, G. L. (2015). Liberating Experience: A Stimulus for European Theology. Within R. A. Krieg (Çev.), On The Side of The Poor: The Theology of Liberation (ss. 11-31). Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
  • Nepstad, S. E., & Williams, R. H. (2007). Religion in Rebellion, Resistance, and Social Movements. Within james A. Beckford & N. J. Demerath III (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion (ss. 419-437). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Nickoloff, J. B. (Ed.). (2004). Gustavo Gutiérrez: Essential Writings. Manila, Philippines: St Pauls.
  • Parlatır, İ., Gözaydın, N., & Zülfikar, H. (Ed.). (1998). Türkçe Sözlük (9. Baskı, C. 1-2). Ankara: Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Pew Research Center. (2011). Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population. Washington. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1986). Four Modern Prophets: Walter Rauschenbusch, Martin Luther King, Jr., Gustavo Gutiérrez, Rosemary Radford Ruether. Atlanta, Georgia: John Knox Press.
  • Rowland, C. (2011a). Giriş: Kurtuluş Teolojisi. İçinde C. Rowland (Ed.), & M. F. Karakaya & S. Altınçekiç (Çev.), Kurtuluş Teolojisi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Rowland, C. (Ed.), Karakaya, M. F., & Altınçekiç, S. (Çev.). (2011b). Kurtuluş Teolojisi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Russo, F. Z. (2004). La Espiritualidad de Gustavo. Within Gustavo Gutiérrez: Profesor Emérito del Departamento Académico de Teología (ss. 13-18). Lima, Perú: PUCP. Archivo de la Universidad, 35. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/36765
  • Saruhan, Ş. C., & Özdemirci, A. (2013). Bilim, Felsefe ve Metodoloji. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Sayılgan, A. (1976). Ansiklopedik Marksist Sözlük. İstanbul: Otağ Yayınları.
  • Sevillano, H. (2003). Mi Mejor Amigo, Gustavo Gutiérrez. El Ciervo, 52 (628-629), 34-36. JSTOR. JSTOR.
  • Silva, S. (2009). La Teología de la Liberación. Teología y Vida, 1, 93-116.
  • Tarrero, L. F. C. (2004). Gustavo Gutiérrez: Vida y Teología. Within Gustavo Gutiérrez: Profesor Emérito del Departamento Académico de Teología (C. 35, ss. 19-36). Lima, Perú: PUCP. Archivo de la Universidad. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/36765
  • Taşpınar, İ. (2019). Hıristiyanlık ve Mistik Semboller. İstanbul: MÜİFV.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hrıstiyanlık Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Alparslan Emin Öztürk 0000-0002-0628-7271

Süleyman Turan 0000-0002-3731-2986

Proje Numarası SDK-2019-1044
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 14 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Öztürk, Alparslan Emin - Turan, Süleyman. “’Teología De La Liberación’: Gustavo Gutiérrez’in Özgürlük Teolojisi Ve Teolojik Yansımaları”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi 26 (Nisan 2024), 13-28. https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1402195.