Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Cyberbullying: Definition, Prevalence, Effects, Risk and Protective Factors

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 425 - 438, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1325195

Öz

Cyberbullying is defined as intentional, repetitive, and harmful behaviors carried out using computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices. In recent years, there has been an increase in the rates of cyberbullying parallel to the rise in Internet usage. Particularly among adolescents, the prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber victimization are quite high. Adolescents who cyberbully or cyber victim face serious mental health problems. In this reason, efforts should be made to prevent adolescents from being exposed to these negative effects. It is crucial to identify the risk factors and protective factors related to cyberbullying, as they can guide preventive interventions. The review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the risk factors and protective factors influencing cyberbullying. Furthermore, information was provided regarding the definition, historical trend, prevalence, and consequences of cyberbullying. In this review, firstly, the definition of cyberbullying is provided, followed by a detailed discussion of its history, prevalence, risk factors, and protective factors. It is expected that the study, which comprehensively explains the factors related to cyberbullying, will contribute to the literature on cyberbullying and provide guidance to professionals working in this field."

Kaynakça

  • Abreu RL, Kenny MC (2018) Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention. J Child Adolesc Trauma, 11:81-97.
  • Aoyama I, Utsumi S, Hasegawa M (2012) Cyberbullying in Japan: Cases, government reports, adolescent relational aggression, and parental monitoring roles. Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives. 1st ed. (Eds Q Li, D Cross, PK Smith):182-211. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Ayas T, Horzum MB (2010) Sanal zorba/kurban ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 19:1-17.
  • Ayas T, Horzum MB (2012) İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma durumu. İlköğretim Online, 11:2-13.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2015) “Am I at risk of cyberbullying?” A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach. Aggress Violent Behav, 23:36-51.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2016) Cyberbullying in youth: A pattern of disruptive behaviour. Psicol Educ (Madr) 22:19-26.
  • Baldry AC, Sorrentino A, Farrington DP (2019) Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents' online activities. Child Youth Serv Rev, 96:302-307.
  • Barlett CP, Fennel M (2016). Examining the relation between parental ignorance and youths’ cyberbullying perpetration. Psychol Pop Media Cult, 7:1-14.
  • Bartolo MG, Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Musso P (2019). Mediating processes in the relations of parental monitoring and school climate with cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement. Eur J Psychol, 15: 568-594.
  • Baştürk-Akca E, Sayımer İ, Ergül, S (2015) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5:72-86.
  • Bayar Y, Uçanok Z (2012) School social climate and generalized peer perception in traditional and cyberbullying status. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12:2352-2358.
  • Bayraktar F, Machackova H, Dedkova L, Cerna A, Ševčíková A (2015) Cyberbullying: The discriminant factors among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims in a Czech adolescent sample. J Interpers Violence, 30:3192-3216.
  • Brochado S, Soares S, Fraga S (2017) A scoping review on studies of cyberbullying prevalence among adolescents. Trauma Violence Abuse, 18:523-531.
  • Buil JM, Van Lier PA, Brendgen MR, Koot HM, Vitaro F (2017) Developmental pathways linking childhood temperament with antisocial behavior and substance use in adolescence: Explanatory mechanisms in the peer environment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 112:948-966.
  • Burnukara P, Uçanok Z (2010) Ergenlerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri kullanım olanakları ile sanal ortamda meydana gelen zorbalığa ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 21:47-62.
  • Campbell M, Spears B, Slee P, Butler D, Kift S (2012) Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation. Emot Behav Diffic, 17:389-401.
  • Cappadocia MC, Craig WM, Pepler D (2013) Cyberbullying: Prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can J Sch Psychol 28:171-192.
  • Chen L, Ho SS, Lwin MO (2017) A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media Soc, 19:1194-1213.
  • Cook CR, Williams KR, Guerra NG, Kim TE, Sadek S (2010) Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation. Sch Psychol Q 25:65-83.
  • Cross D, Shaw T, Hadwen K, Cardoso P, Slee P, Roberts C et al. (2016) Longitudinal impact of the Cyber Friendly Schools program on adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior. Aggress Behav, 42:166-180.
  • Çetin B, Eroğlu Y, Peker A, Akbaba S, Pepsoy S (2012) The investigation of relationship among relational-interdependent self-construal, cyberbullying, and psychological disharmony in adolescents: An investigation of structural equation modelling. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12:646-653.
  • Dalmaç-Polat Z, Bayraktar S (2016) Ergenlerde siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyet ile ilişkili değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5:115-132.
  • Delgado B, Carrasco MA, González-Peña P, Holgado-Tello FP (2018) Temperament and behavioral problems in young children: The protective role of extraversion and effortful control. J Child Fam Stud, 27:3232-3240.
  • DeSmet A, Rodelli M, Walrave M, Soenens B, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I (2018) Cyberbullying and traditional bullying involvement among heterosexual and non-heterosexual adolescents, and their associations with age and gender. Comput Human Behav, 83:254-261.
  • Dooley JJ, Pyżalski J, Cross D (2009) Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Z Psychol, 217:182-188.
  • Dou G, Xiang Y, Sun X, Chen L (2020) Link between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among undergraduates: Mediating effects of trait anger and moral disengagement. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 1269-1276.
  • Dursun S, Gökçe A, Aytaç S (2020) Siber zorbalık: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13:465-485.
  • Elsaesser C, Russell B, Ohannessian CM, Patton D (2017) Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggress Violent Behav, 35:62-72.
  • Englander E, Donnerstein E, Kowalski R, Lin CA, Parti K (2017) Defining cyberbullying. Pediatrics, 140:148-151.
  • Erdur-Baker Ö (2010) Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media Soc, 12:109-125.
  • Erdur-Baker Ö, Kavşut F (2007) Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: Siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27:31-42.
  • Eyuboglu M, Eyuboglu D, Pala SC, Oktar D, Demirtas Z, Arslantas D et al. (2021) Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, the effect on mental health problems and self-harm behavior. Psychiatry Res, 297:113730.
  • Fahy AE, Stansfeld SA, Smuk M, Smith NR, Cummins S, Clark C (2016) Longitudinal associations between cyberbullying involvement and adolescent mental health. J Adolesc Health, 59:502-509.
  • Festl R, Quandt T (2013) Social relations and cyberbullying: The influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the internet. Hum Commun Res, 39:101-126.
  • Fisher BW, Gardella JH, Teurbe-Tolon AR (2016) Peer cybervictimization among adolescents and the associated internalizing and externalizing problems: A meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc, 45:1727-1743.
  • Gahagan K, Vaterlaus JM, Frost LR (2016) College student cyberbullying on social networking sites: Conceptualization, prevalence, and perceived bystander responsibility. Comput Human Behav, 55:1097-1105.
  • Gámez-Guadix M, Orue I, Smith PK, Calvete E (2013) Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. J Adolesc Health, 53:446-452.
  • Garaigordobil M, Machimbarrena JM (2017) Stress, competence, and parental educational styles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema, 29:335-340.
  • Giumetti GW, Kowalski RM (2022) Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. Curr Opin Psychol, 45:101314.
  • González-Cabrera J, Calvete E, León-Mejía A, Pérez-Sancho C, Peinado JM (2017) Relationship between cyberbullying roles, cortisol secretion and psychological stress. Comput Human Behav, 70:153-160.
  • Gradinger P, Yanagida T, Strohmeier D, Spiel C (2015) Prevention of cyberbullying and cyber victimization: Evaluation of the ViSC Social Competence Program. J Sch Violence, 14:87-110.
  • Gross EF (2004) Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. J Appl Dev Psychol, 25:633-649.
  • Gül H, Fırat S, Sertçelik M, Gül A, Gürel Y, Kılıç BG (2019) Cyberbullying among a clinical adolescent sample in Turkey: Effects of problematic smartphone use, psychiatric symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol, 29:547-557.
  • Hellfeldt K, López-Romero L, Andershed H (2020) Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: The potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:45.
  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2008) Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behav, 29:129-156.
  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2013) Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. J Youth Adolesc, 42:711-722.
  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2017) Cultivating youth resilience to prevent bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Child Abuse Negl, 73:51-62.
  • Hood M, Duffy AL (2018) Understanding the relationship between cyber-victimisation and cyber-bullying on social network sites: The role of moderating factors. Pers Individ Dif, 133:103-108.
  • Horzum MB, Ayas T (2014) Orta öğretim öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorba ve sanal mağdur düzeylerinin yordanması. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 1:21-36.
  • Horzum MB, Ayas T, Randler C, Düşünceli B (2021) The effects of empathy and circadian preference on cyberbullying of adolescents in Turkey. Biol Rhythm Res, 52:781-794.
  • Jain O, Gupta M, Satam S, Panda S (2020) Has the Covid-19 pandemic affected the susceptibility to cyberbullying in India? Comput Human Behav, 2:100029.
  • Kim J, Song H, Jennings WG (2017) A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime Delinq, 63:1600-1625.
  • Kokkinos CM, Antoniadou N, Asdre A, Voulgaridou K (2016) Parenting and Internet behavior predictors of cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization among preadolescents. Deviant Behav, 37:439-455.
  • Kowalski RM, Limber SP (2007) Electronic bullying among middle school students. J Adolesc Health, 41:22-30.
  • Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR (2014) Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol Bull, 140:1073-1137.
  • Kowalski RM, Limber SP, McCord A (2019) A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggress Violent Behav, 45:20-32.
  • Kubiszewski V, Fontaine R, Huré K, Rusch E (2013) Cyber-bullying in adolescents: Associated psychosocial problems and comparison with school bullying. L'Encephale, 39:77-84.
  • Larrañaga E, Yubero S, Ovejero A, Navarro R (2016) Loneliness, parent-child communication and cyberbullying victimization among Spanish youths. Comput Human Behav, 65:1-8.
  • Legate N, Weinstein N, Przybylski AK (2019) Parenting strategies and adolescents’ cyberbullying behaviors: Evidence from a preregistered study of parent–child dyads. J Youth Adolesc, 48:399-409.
  • Li Q (2007) Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23:435-454.
  • Menesini E, Nocentini A, Palladino BE (2012) Empowering students against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of an Italian peer-led model. Int J Conf Violence, 6:313-320.
  • Milosevic T (2016) Social media companies' cyberbullying policies. Int J Commun, 10:5164–5185.
  • Navarro R, Serna C, Martínez V, Ruiz-Oliva R (2013) The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 281:725-745.
  • Nedim-Bal P, Kahraman S (2015) The effect of cyber bullying sensibility improvement group training program on gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education Research, 3:48-57.
  • Olweus D (2013) School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 9:751-780.
  • Olweus D, Limber SP (1983) The Olweus bullying prevention program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades. In Handbook of Bullying in Schools: An International Perspective (Eds SR Jimerson, SM Swearer, DL Espelage):23-30. New York, Routledge.
  • Ortega-Ruiz R, Rey-Alamillo RD, Casas-Bolaños JA (2012) Knowing, building and living together on internet and social networks: The ConRed cyberbullying prevention program. Int J Conf Violence, 6:302-312.
  • Ozden MS, Icellioglu S (2014) The perception of cyberbullying and cybervictimization by university students in terms of their personality factors. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 116:4379-4383.
  • Özdemir M, Akar F (2011) Lise öğrencilerinin siber-zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 17:605-626.
  • Padilla-Walker LM, Son D (2019) Longitudinal associations among routine disclosure, the parent–child relationship, and adolescents’ prosocial and delinquent behaviors. J Soc Pers Relat, 36:1853-1871.
  • Pala SÇ, Ünsal A, Emiral GÖ, Demirtaş Z, Zencirci SA, Tözün M et al. (2021) Evaluation of cyberbullying and multidimensional perceived social support levels in high school students of Turkey. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 84:104-112.
  • Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Bartolo MG, Costabile A (2017) Cyberbullying and self-esteem: An Italian study. Comput Human Behav, 69:136-141.
  • Patchin JW, Hinduja S (2006) Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence Juv Justice, 4:148-169.
  • Peker A (2015a) Ergenlerin saldırganlık ve siber zorbalık davranışları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 61:323-336.
  • Peker A (2015b) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık statülerini yordayan risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim: 40:57-75.
  • Peker A, İskender M (2015) İnsani değerler yönelimli psiko-eğitim programının siber zorbalık üzerindeki etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19:11-22.
  • Peterson J, Densley J (2017) Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here?. Aggress Violent Behav, 34:193-200.
  • Pichel R, Foody M, O’Higgins Norman J, Feijóo S, Varela J, Rial A (2021) Bullying, cyberbullying and the overlap: What does age have to do with it? Sustainability, 13:8527.
  • Rose CA, Tynes BM (2015) Longitudinal associations between cybervictimization and mental health among US adolescents. J Adolesc Health, 57:305-312.
  • Sasson H, Mesch G (2017) The role of parental mediation and peer norms on the likelihood of cyberbullying. J Genet Psychol, 178:15-27.
  • Schneider SK, O'donnell L, Stueve A, Coulter RW (2012) Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. Am J Public Health, 102:171-177.
  • Selkie EM, Fales JL, Moreno MA (2016) Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school–aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. J Adolesc Health, 58:125-133.
  • Süslü DP, Oktay A (2018) Lise öğrencilerinde siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyetle ilişkili bazı değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Elementary Education Online, 17:1877-1895.
  • Şahin M (2012) The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness among adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev, 34:834-837.
  • Şahin M, Sarı SV, Özer Ö, Er SH (2010) Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorba davranışlarda bulunma ve maruz kalma durumlarına ilişkin görüşleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21:257-270.
  • Taştekin E, Bayhan P (2018) Ergenler arasındaki siber zorbalığın ve mağduriyetin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 5:21-45.
  • Taylan HH, Aydın F, Topal M (2017) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sanal zorba olma durumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi: Sakarya ili örneği. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 4:41-59.
  • Tokunaga RS (2010) Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput Human Behav, 26:277-287.
  • Topcu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö (2010) The revised cyber bullying inventory (RCBI): Validity and reliability studies. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 5:660-664.
  • Topçu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö, Çapa-Aydin Y (2008) Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. Cyberpsychol Behav, 11:643-648.
  • Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Wójcik S, Makaruk K, Tzavela E, Tzavara C et al. (2015) Cyberbullying victimization prevalence and associations with internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents in six European countries. Comput Human Behav, 51:1-7.
  • Turliuc MN, Măirean C, Boca-Zamfir M (2020) The relation between cyberbullying and depressive symptoms in adolescence. The moderating role of emotion regulation strategies. Comput Human Behav, 109:106341.
  • Ünver H, Koç Z (2017) Siber zorbalık ile problemli internet kullanımı ve riskli internet davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 15:117-140.
  • Wang P, Wang X, Lei L (2021) Gender differences between student–student relationship and cyberbullying perpetration: An evolutionary perspective. J Interpers Violence, 36:9187-9207.
  • Watts LK, Wagner J, Velasquez B, Behrens PI (2017) Cyberbullying in higher education: A literature review. Comput Human Behav, 69:268-274.
  • Whittaker E, Kowalski RM (2015) Cyberbullying via social media. J Sch Violence, 14:11-29.
  • Wiguna T, Ismail RI, Sekartini R, Rahardjo NSW, Kaligis F, Prabowo AL et al. (2018) The gender discrepancy in high-risk behaviour outcomes in adolescents who have experienced cyberbullying in Indonesia. Asian J Psychiatr, 37:130-135.
  • Willard NE (2007) Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Illinois, Research Press.
  • Wong RY, Cheung CM, Xiao B (2018). Does gender matter in cyberbullying perpetration? An empirical investigation. Comput Human Behav, 79:247-257.
  • Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ (2004) Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. J Adolesc 27:319-336.
  • Zsila Á, Orosz G, Király O, Urbán R, Ujhelyi A, Jármi É et al. (2018) Psychoactive substance use and problematic internet use as predictors of bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Int J Ment Health Addict, 16:466-479.
  • Zsila Á, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z (2019) Gender differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration: The role of anger rumination and traditional bullying experiences. Int J Ment Health Addict, 17:1252-1267.
  • Zurcher JD, Holmgren HG, Coyne SM, Barlett CP, Yang C (2018) Parenting and cyberbullying across adolescence. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 21:294-303.
  • Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP (2017) School bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, characteristics, outcomes, and prevention. In Handbook of Behavioral Criminology (Eds VB Van Hasselt, ML Bourke): 113-138. New York, Springer International Publishing.
  • Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Llorent, VJ (2019) Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying roles. Aggress Violent Behav, 45:83-97.

Siber Zorbalık: Tanımı, Yaygınlığı, Etkileri, Risk ve Koruyucu Faktörleri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 425 - 438, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1325195

Öz

Siber zorbalık, bilgisayar, cep telefonu veya diğer elektronik cihazlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen kasıtlı, tekrarlayıcı ve zarar verici davranışlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda, İnternet kullanımındaki artışa paralel olarak siber zorbalık oranlarında artış meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle ergenler arasında siber zorbalık yapma ve siber zorbalığa maruz kalma yaygınlığı oldukça yüksektir. Siber zorbalık yapan veya siber zorbalığa maruz kalan ergenler ciddi ruhsal problemlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple, ergenlerin bu olumsuz etkilere maruz kalmasını önlemeye yönelik çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Siber zorbalıkla ilişkili risk faktörlerinin ve koruyucu faktörlerin belirlenmesi, siber zorbalığı önlemeye yönelik çalışmalara yol göstermesi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, siber zorbalığa etki eden risk faktörlerine ve koruyucu faktörlere ilişkin kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sunulması ve siber zorbalığın tanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, yaygınlığı ve sonuçları hakkında bilgi aktarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle siber zorbalığın tanımı yapılmakta, ardından sırasıyla, tarihçesi, yaygınlığı ve risk faktörleri ile koruyucu faktörler detaylı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Siber zorbalığa ilişkin faktörleri kapsamlı olarak ele alan bu çalışmanın ilgili alan yazına katkı sağlaması ve bu alanda çalışan uzmanlara yol göstermesi beklenmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Abreu RL, Kenny MC (2018) Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention. J Child Adolesc Trauma, 11:81-97.
  • Aoyama I, Utsumi S, Hasegawa M (2012) Cyberbullying in Japan: Cases, government reports, adolescent relational aggression, and parental monitoring roles. Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives. 1st ed. (Eds Q Li, D Cross, PK Smith):182-211. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Ayas T, Horzum MB (2010) Sanal zorba/kurban ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 19:1-17.
  • Ayas T, Horzum MB (2012) İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma durumu. İlköğretim Online, 11:2-13.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2015) “Am I at risk of cyberbullying?” A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach. Aggress Violent Behav, 23:36-51.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2016) Cyberbullying in youth: A pattern of disruptive behaviour. Psicol Educ (Madr) 22:19-26.
  • Baldry AC, Sorrentino A, Farrington DP (2019) Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents' online activities. Child Youth Serv Rev, 96:302-307.
  • Barlett CP, Fennel M (2016). Examining the relation between parental ignorance and youths’ cyberbullying perpetration. Psychol Pop Media Cult, 7:1-14.
  • Bartolo MG, Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Musso P (2019). Mediating processes in the relations of parental monitoring and school climate with cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement. Eur J Psychol, 15: 568-594.
  • Baştürk-Akca E, Sayımer İ, Ergül, S (2015) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5:72-86.
  • Bayar Y, Uçanok Z (2012) School social climate and generalized peer perception in traditional and cyberbullying status. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12:2352-2358.
  • Bayraktar F, Machackova H, Dedkova L, Cerna A, Ševčíková A (2015) Cyberbullying: The discriminant factors among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims in a Czech adolescent sample. J Interpers Violence, 30:3192-3216.
  • Brochado S, Soares S, Fraga S (2017) A scoping review on studies of cyberbullying prevalence among adolescents. Trauma Violence Abuse, 18:523-531.
  • Buil JM, Van Lier PA, Brendgen MR, Koot HM, Vitaro F (2017) Developmental pathways linking childhood temperament with antisocial behavior and substance use in adolescence: Explanatory mechanisms in the peer environment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 112:948-966.
  • Burnukara P, Uçanok Z (2010) Ergenlerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri kullanım olanakları ile sanal ortamda meydana gelen zorbalığa ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 21:47-62.
  • Campbell M, Spears B, Slee P, Butler D, Kift S (2012) Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation. Emot Behav Diffic, 17:389-401.
  • Cappadocia MC, Craig WM, Pepler D (2013) Cyberbullying: Prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can J Sch Psychol 28:171-192.
  • Chen L, Ho SS, Lwin MO (2017) A meta-analysis of factors predicting cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: From the social cognitive and media effects approach. New Media Soc, 19:1194-1213.
  • Cook CR, Williams KR, Guerra NG, Kim TE, Sadek S (2010) Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation. Sch Psychol Q 25:65-83.
  • Cross D, Shaw T, Hadwen K, Cardoso P, Slee P, Roberts C et al. (2016) Longitudinal impact of the Cyber Friendly Schools program on adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior. Aggress Behav, 42:166-180.
  • Çetin B, Eroğlu Y, Peker A, Akbaba S, Pepsoy S (2012) The investigation of relationship among relational-interdependent self-construal, cyberbullying, and psychological disharmony in adolescents: An investigation of structural equation modelling. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12:646-653.
  • Dalmaç-Polat Z, Bayraktar S (2016) Ergenlerde siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyet ile ilişkili değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5:115-132.
  • Delgado B, Carrasco MA, González-Peña P, Holgado-Tello FP (2018) Temperament and behavioral problems in young children: The protective role of extraversion and effortful control. J Child Fam Stud, 27:3232-3240.
  • DeSmet A, Rodelli M, Walrave M, Soenens B, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I (2018) Cyberbullying and traditional bullying involvement among heterosexual and non-heterosexual adolescents, and their associations with age and gender. Comput Human Behav, 83:254-261.
  • Dooley JJ, Pyżalski J, Cross D (2009) Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Z Psychol, 217:182-188.
  • Dou G, Xiang Y, Sun X, Chen L (2020) Link between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among undergraduates: Mediating effects of trait anger and moral disengagement. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 1269-1276.
  • Dursun S, Gökçe A, Aytaç S (2020) Siber zorbalık: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13:465-485.
  • Elsaesser C, Russell B, Ohannessian CM, Patton D (2017) Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents' role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggress Violent Behav, 35:62-72.
  • Englander E, Donnerstein E, Kowalski R, Lin CA, Parti K (2017) Defining cyberbullying. Pediatrics, 140:148-151.
  • Erdur-Baker Ö (2010) Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media Soc, 12:109-125.
  • Erdur-Baker Ö, Kavşut F (2007) Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: Siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27:31-42.
  • Eyuboglu M, Eyuboglu D, Pala SC, Oktar D, Demirtas Z, Arslantas D et al. (2021) Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, the effect on mental health problems and self-harm behavior. Psychiatry Res, 297:113730.
  • Fahy AE, Stansfeld SA, Smuk M, Smith NR, Cummins S, Clark C (2016) Longitudinal associations between cyberbullying involvement and adolescent mental health. J Adolesc Health, 59:502-509.
  • Festl R, Quandt T (2013) Social relations and cyberbullying: The influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the internet. Hum Commun Res, 39:101-126.
  • Fisher BW, Gardella JH, Teurbe-Tolon AR (2016) Peer cybervictimization among adolescents and the associated internalizing and externalizing problems: A meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc, 45:1727-1743.
  • Gahagan K, Vaterlaus JM, Frost LR (2016) College student cyberbullying on social networking sites: Conceptualization, prevalence, and perceived bystander responsibility. Comput Human Behav, 55:1097-1105.
  • Gámez-Guadix M, Orue I, Smith PK, Calvete E (2013) Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. J Adolesc Health, 53:446-452.
  • Garaigordobil M, Machimbarrena JM (2017) Stress, competence, and parental educational styles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying. Psicothema, 29:335-340.
  • Giumetti GW, Kowalski RM (2022) Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. Curr Opin Psychol, 45:101314.
  • González-Cabrera J, Calvete E, León-Mejía A, Pérez-Sancho C, Peinado JM (2017) Relationship between cyberbullying roles, cortisol secretion and psychological stress. Comput Human Behav, 70:153-160.
  • Gradinger P, Yanagida T, Strohmeier D, Spiel C (2015) Prevention of cyberbullying and cyber victimization: Evaluation of the ViSC Social Competence Program. J Sch Violence, 14:87-110.
  • Gross EF (2004) Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. J Appl Dev Psychol, 25:633-649.
  • Gül H, Fırat S, Sertçelik M, Gül A, Gürel Y, Kılıç BG (2019) Cyberbullying among a clinical adolescent sample in Turkey: Effects of problematic smartphone use, psychiatric symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol, 29:547-557.
  • Hellfeldt K, López-Romero L, Andershed H (2020) Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: The potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:45.
  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2008) Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behav, 29:129-156.
  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2013) Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. J Youth Adolesc, 42:711-722.
  • Hinduja S, Patchin JW (2017) Cultivating youth resilience to prevent bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Child Abuse Negl, 73:51-62.
  • Hood M, Duffy AL (2018) Understanding the relationship between cyber-victimisation and cyber-bullying on social network sites: The role of moderating factors. Pers Individ Dif, 133:103-108.
  • Horzum MB, Ayas T (2014) Orta öğretim öğrencilerin psikolojik belirtilere göre sanal zorba ve sanal mağdur düzeylerinin yordanması. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 1:21-36.
  • Horzum MB, Ayas T, Randler C, Düşünceli B (2021) The effects of empathy and circadian preference on cyberbullying of adolescents in Turkey. Biol Rhythm Res, 52:781-794.
  • Jain O, Gupta M, Satam S, Panda S (2020) Has the Covid-19 pandemic affected the susceptibility to cyberbullying in India? Comput Human Behav, 2:100029.
  • Kim J, Song H, Jennings WG (2017) A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime Delinq, 63:1600-1625.
  • Kokkinos CM, Antoniadou N, Asdre A, Voulgaridou K (2016) Parenting and Internet behavior predictors of cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization among preadolescents. Deviant Behav, 37:439-455.
  • Kowalski RM, Limber SP (2007) Electronic bullying among middle school students. J Adolesc Health, 41:22-30.
  • Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR (2014) Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol Bull, 140:1073-1137.
  • Kowalski RM, Limber SP, McCord A (2019) A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggress Violent Behav, 45:20-32.
  • Kubiszewski V, Fontaine R, Huré K, Rusch E (2013) Cyber-bullying in adolescents: Associated psychosocial problems and comparison with school bullying. L'Encephale, 39:77-84.
  • Larrañaga E, Yubero S, Ovejero A, Navarro R (2016) Loneliness, parent-child communication and cyberbullying victimization among Spanish youths. Comput Human Behav, 65:1-8.
  • Legate N, Weinstein N, Przybylski AK (2019) Parenting strategies and adolescents’ cyberbullying behaviors: Evidence from a preregistered study of parent–child dyads. J Youth Adolesc, 48:399-409.
  • Li Q (2007) Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23:435-454.
  • Menesini E, Nocentini A, Palladino BE (2012) Empowering students against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of an Italian peer-led model. Int J Conf Violence, 6:313-320.
  • Milosevic T (2016) Social media companies' cyberbullying policies. Int J Commun, 10:5164–5185.
  • Navarro R, Serna C, Martínez V, Ruiz-Oliva R (2013) The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 281:725-745.
  • Nedim-Bal P, Kahraman S (2015) The effect of cyber bullying sensibility improvement group training program on gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education Research, 3:48-57.
  • Olweus D (2013) School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 9:751-780.
  • Olweus D, Limber SP (1983) The Olweus bullying prevention program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades. In Handbook of Bullying in Schools: An International Perspective (Eds SR Jimerson, SM Swearer, DL Espelage):23-30. New York, Routledge.
  • Ortega-Ruiz R, Rey-Alamillo RD, Casas-Bolaños JA (2012) Knowing, building and living together on internet and social networks: The ConRed cyberbullying prevention program. Int J Conf Violence, 6:302-312.
  • Ozden MS, Icellioglu S (2014) The perception of cyberbullying and cybervictimization by university students in terms of their personality factors. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 116:4379-4383.
  • Özdemir M, Akar F (2011) Lise öğrencilerinin siber-zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 17:605-626.
  • Padilla-Walker LM, Son D (2019) Longitudinal associations among routine disclosure, the parent–child relationship, and adolescents’ prosocial and delinquent behaviors. J Soc Pers Relat, 36:1853-1871.
  • Pala SÇ, Ünsal A, Emiral GÖ, Demirtaş Z, Zencirci SA, Tözün M et al. (2021) Evaluation of cyberbullying and multidimensional perceived social support levels in high school students of Turkey. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 84:104-112.
  • Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Bartolo MG, Costabile A (2017) Cyberbullying and self-esteem: An Italian study. Comput Human Behav, 69:136-141.
  • Patchin JW, Hinduja S (2006) Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence Juv Justice, 4:148-169.
  • Peker A (2015a) Ergenlerin saldırganlık ve siber zorbalık davranışları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 61:323-336.
  • Peker A (2015b) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık statülerini yordayan risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim: 40:57-75.
  • Peker A, İskender M (2015) İnsani değerler yönelimli psiko-eğitim programının siber zorbalık üzerindeki etkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19:11-22.
  • Peterson J, Densley J (2017) Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here?. Aggress Violent Behav, 34:193-200.
  • Pichel R, Foody M, O’Higgins Norman J, Feijóo S, Varela J, Rial A (2021) Bullying, cyberbullying and the overlap: What does age have to do with it? Sustainability, 13:8527.
  • Rose CA, Tynes BM (2015) Longitudinal associations between cybervictimization and mental health among US adolescents. J Adolesc Health, 57:305-312.
  • Sasson H, Mesch G (2017) The role of parental mediation and peer norms on the likelihood of cyberbullying. J Genet Psychol, 178:15-27.
  • Schneider SK, O'donnell L, Stueve A, Coulter RW (2012) Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. Am J Public Health, 102:171-177.
  • Selkie EM, Fales JL, Moreno MA (2016) Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school–aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. J Adolesc Health, 58:125-133.
  • Süslü DP, Oktay A (2018) Lise öğrencilerinde siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyetle ilişkili bazı değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Elementary Education Online, 17:1877-1895.
  • Şahin M (2012) The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness among adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev, 34:834-837.
  • Şahin M, Sarı SV, Özer Ö, Er SH (2010) Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorba davranışlarda bulunma ve maruz kalma durumlarına ilişkin görüşleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21:257-270.
  • Taştekin E, Bayhan P (2018) Ergenler arasındaki siber zorbalığın ve mağduriyetin incelenmesi. Online Journal of Technology Addiction and Cyberbullying, 5:21-45.
  • Taylan HH, Aydın F, Topal M (2017) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sanal zorba olma durumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi: Sakarya ili örneği. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 4:41-59.
  • Tokunaga RS (2010) Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput Human Behav, 26:277-287.
  • Topcu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö (2010) The revised cyber bullying inventory (RCBI): Validity and reliability studies. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 5:660-664.
  • Topçu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö, Çapa-Aydin Y (2008) Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. Cyberpsychol Behav, 11:643-648.
  • Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Wójcik S, Makaruk K, Tzavela E, Tzavara C et al. (2015) Cyberbullying victimization prevalence and associations with internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents in six European countries. Comput Human Behav, 51:1-7.
  • Turliuc MN, Măirean C, Boca-Zamfir M (2020) The relation between cyberbullying and depressive symptoms in adolescence. The moderating role of emotion regulation strategies. Comput Human Behav, 109:106341.
  • Ünver H, Koç Z (2017) Siber zorbalık ile problemli internet kullanımı ve riskli internet davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 15:117-140.
  • Wang P, Wang X, Lei L (2021) Gender differences between student–student relationship and cyberbullying perpetration: An evolutionary perspective. J Interpers Violence, 36:9187-9207.
  • Watts LK, Wagner J, Velasquez B, Behrens PI (2017) Cyberbullying in higher education: A literature review. Comput Human Behav, 69:268-274.
  • Whittaker E, Kowalski RM (2015) Cyberbullying via social media. J Sch Violence, 14:11-29.
  • Wiguna T, Ismail RI, Sekartini R, Rahardjo NSW, Kaligis F, Prabowo AL et al. (2018) The gender discrepancy in high-risk behaviour outcomes in adolescents who have experienced cyberbullying in Indonesia. Asian J Psychiatr, 37:130-135.
  • Willard NE (2007) Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Illinois, Research Press.
  • Wong RY, Cheung CM, Xiao B (2018). Does gender matter in cyberbullying perpetration? An empirical investigation. Comput Human Behav, 79:247-257.
  • Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ (2004) Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. J Adolesc 27:319-336.
  • Zsila Á, Orosz G, Király O, Urbán R, Ujhelyi A, Jármi É et al. (2018) Psychoactive substance use and problematic internet use as predictors of bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Int J Ment Health Addict, 16:466-479.
  • Zsila Á, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z (2019) Gender differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration: The role of anger rumination and traditional bullying experiences. Int J Ment Health Addict, 17:1252-1267.
  • Zurcher JD, Holmgren HG, Coyne SM, Barlett CP, Yang C (2018) Parenting and cyberbullying across adolescence. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 21:294-303.
  • Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP (2017) School bullying and cyberbullying: Prevalence, characteristics, outcomes, and prevention. In Handbook of Behavioral Criminology (Eds VB Van Hasselt, ML Bourke): 113-138. New York, Springer International Publishing.
  • Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Llorent, VJ (2019) Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying roles. Aggress Violent Behav, 45:83-97.
Toplam 105 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Gelişim
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Burak Akdeniz 0000-0002-5113-3191

Aysun Doğan 0000-0003-1885-8796

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Akdeniz B, Doğan A. Cyberbullying: Definition, Prevalence, Effects, Risk and Protective Factors. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Eylül 2024;16(3):425-438. doi:10.18863/pgy.1325195

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.