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A Lesser-Known Diagnosis 'Schizotypal Personality Disorder': A Review

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 14 - 35, 29.12.2023

Öz

Schizotypal personality disorder, a subtype of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, is also known as schizotypy in the literature. It is defined by suspicious thinking, social withdrawal, restricted affect, eccentric behaviors, and speech. The disorder is considered rare, affecting approximately 3% of the population. Childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors are significant determinants in the development of schizotypal personality disorder. Certain distinguishing criteria can help differentiate schizotypal personality disorder from autism and schizophrenia. It can be challenging to differentiate this disorder from other conditions like autism and schizophrenia due to overlapping diagnostic criteria, leading to possible misdiagnosis. Therefore, applying differential diagnoses becomes crucial in preventing these cases. Neuroimaging findings play a vital role in differential diagnosis. Dopamine release and shrinkage in the frontal and temporal regions provide insight into this disorder. The treatment of schizotypal personality disorder includes both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Pharmacotherapy is administered to alleviate any symptoms that may manifest during psychotherapy, which is predominantly focused on cognitive therapy. Thus, the objective is to enhance the individual's functionality and minimize other schizotypal traits.

Kaynakça

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  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4. Baskı). American psychiatric association.
  • Arıca, S. ve Gençer, Z., M. (2018). Kişilik Bozuklukları. Türkiye Klinikleri J Fam Med-Special Topics, 9(3), 213-219.
  • Apthorp, D., Bolbecker, A. R., Bartolomeo, L. A., O’Donnell, B. F., ve Hetrick, W. P. (2019). Postural sway abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(3), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby141
  • Ayçiçeği, A., Dinn, W. M., ve Harris, C. L. (2005). Validation of Turkish and English versions of the schizotypal personality questionnaire-B. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.1.34
  • Bayğın, C. (2020), Agorafobisi olan ve olmayan panik bozukluk hastalarının çocukluk çağı travması ile şizotipal kişilik özellikleri yönünden karşılaştırılması [Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi]. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Carcione, A., Riccardi, I., Bilotta, E., Leone, L., Pedone, R., Conti, L., ... ve Semerari, A. (2019). Metacognition as a predictor of improvements in personality disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00170
  • Cheli, S., Cavalletti, V., Lysaker, P. H., Dimaggio, G., Petrocchi, N., Chiarello, F., ... ve Goldzweig, G. (2023). A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing a novel compassion and metacognition approach for schizotypal personality disorder with a combination of cognitive therapy and psychopharmacological treatment. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04610-5
  • Cheli, S., Lysaker, P. H., ve Dimaggio, G. (2019). Metacognitively oriented psychotherapy for schizotypal personality disorder: A two‐case series. Personality and mental health, 13(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1447
  • Çaresiz, D., ve Faraji, H. (2022). Covid-19 Pandemi Döneminin Kişilik Bozukluğu Olan Bireylerdeki Olası Etkilerine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 264-284. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1053922
  • Çuvadar Baş, Y. (2023). Hastane Öncesi Psikiyatrik Aciller . Hastane Öncesi Dergisi , 8(1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.54409/hod.1228744
  • Deniz, D. (2017). Kişilik bozukluklarında tanı güvenirliği ve cezai sorumluluk. Adli Tıp Bülteni, 22(2), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2017228029
  • Ertan, E. A., ve Cankorur, V. Ş. (2017). Kişilik bozukluklarının tanısı: yeni bulgular ile tanıda kullanılan anket ve ölçekler. Kriz Dergisi, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000354
  • Faraone, S. V., Green, A. I., Seidman, L. J., ve Tsuang, M. T. (2001). “Schizotaxia”: clinical implications and new directions for research. Schizophrenia bulletin, 27(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006849
  • Grant, P. M., Huh, G. A., Perivoliotis, D., Stolar, N. M., ve Beck, A. T. (2012). Randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive therapy for low-functioning patients with schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(2), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.129
  • Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Haznedar, M. M., Newmark, R., Goldstein, K. E., Zelmanova, Y., ... ve Siever, L. J. (2008). Cortical gray and white matter volume in unmedicated schizotypal and schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia research, 101(1-3), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.472
  • Hazlett, E. A., Rothstein, E. G., Ferreira, R., Silverman, J. M., Siever, L. J., ve Olincy, A. (2015). Sensory gating disturbances in the spectrum: Similarities and differences in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 161(2-3), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.020
  • Kart, A., Özdel, K., ve Türkçapar, M. H. (2021). Şizofreni tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı terapi. Nöropsikiatri Arşivi, 58, 61-65. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.27418
  • Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., ve Schulsinger, F. (1968). The types and prevalence of mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 6, 345-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(68)90026-5
  • Kirchner, S. K., Roeh, A., Nolden, J., ve Hasan, A. (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review. NPJ schizophrenia, 4(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0062-8
  • Köse, H. (2023). Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı alan hastalarda hastalık şiddetinin psikotik semptomlar, şizotipal kişilik özellikleri, dissosiyasyon, ve çocukluk çağı travmaları ile ilişkisi [Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi]. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi.
  • Kuperberg, G. R., Broome, M. R., McGuire, P. K., David, A. S., Eddy, M., Ozawa, F., ... ve Fischl, B. (2003). Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 60(9), 878-888. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.878
  • Lewandowski, K. E., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Nelson-Gray, R. O., Clancy, C., Kepley, H. O., ve Kwapil, T. R. (2006). Anxiety and depression symptoms in psychometrically identified schizotypy. Schizophrenia research, 83(2-3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.11.024
  • Linscott, R. J., ve Morton, S. E. (2018). The latent taxonicity of schizotypy in biological siblings of probands with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(4), 922-932. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx143
  • Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Rosenheck, R. A., Perkins, D. O., ... ve Hsiao, J. K. (2005). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. New England journal of medicine, 353(12), 1209-1223. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa051688
  • Lysaker, P. H., Cheli, S., Dimaggio, G., Buck, B., Bonfils, K. A., Huling, K., ... ve Lysaker, J. T. (2021). Metacognition, social cognition, and mentalizing in psychosis: are these distinct constructs when it comes to subjective experience or are we just splitting hairs?. BMC psychiatry, 21(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03338-4
  • Meehl P. E. (1962) Schizotaxia, Schizotypy, Schizophrenia, American Psychologist, 17,827-838. McClure, M. M., Graff, F., Triebwasser, J., Perez-Rodriguez, M., Rosell, D. R., Koenigsberg, H., ... ve New, A. S. (2019). Guanfacine augmentation of a combined intervention of computerized cognitive remediation therapy and social skills training for schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030349
  • Machón, R. A., Huttunen, M. O., Mednick, S. A., Sinivuo, J., Tanskanen, A., Watson, J. B., ... ve Pyhälä, R. (2002). Adult schizotypal personality characteristics and prenatal influenza in a Finnish birth cohort. Schizophrenia research, 54(1-2), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00346-2
  • Mısır, E., ve Alptekin, K. (2020). Şizotipi kavramı ve şizotipal kişilik bozukluğu. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(3), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.27576
  • Nettle, D., ve Clegg, H. (2006). Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273(1586), 611-615. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3349
  • Nordentoft, M., Thorup, A., Petersen, L., Øhlenschlæger, J., Melau, M., Christensen, T. Ø., ... ve Jeppesen, P. (2006). Transition rates from schizotypal disorder to psychotic disorder for first-contact patients included in the OPUS trial. A randomized clinical trial of integrated treatment and standard treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 83(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.002
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Az Bilinen Bir Konu 'Şizotipal Kişilik Bozukluğu': Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 14 - 35, 29.12.2023

Öz

Şizofreni spektrum bozukluklarının bir alt tipi olan şizotipal kişilik bozukluğu, literatürde şizotipi olarak da bilinmektedir. Şüpheli düşünme, sosyal geri çekilme, kısıtlı duygulanım, eksantrik davranışlar ve konuşma ile tanımlanır. Bozukluğun nadir görüldüğü ve toplumun yaklaşık %3'ünü etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Çocukluk yaşantıları, genetik yatkınlık ve çevresel faktörler şizotipal kişilik bozukluğunun gelişiminde önemli belirleyicilerdir. Belirli ayırt edici kriterler şizotipal kişilik bozukluğunu otizm ve şizofreniden ayırmaya yardımcı olabilir. Tanı kriterlerinin örtüşmesi nedeniyle bu bozukluğu otizm ve şizofreni gibi diğer durumlardan ayırt etmek zor olabilir ve bu da olası yanlış tanılara yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, ayırıcı tanıların uygulanması bu vakaların önlenmesinde çok önemli hale gelmektedir. Nörogörüntüleme bulguları ayırıcı tanıda hayati bir rol oynamaktadır. Frontal ve temporal bölgelerdeki dopamin salınımı ve büzüşme bu bozukluk hakkında fikir vermektedir. Şizotipal kişilik bozukluğunun tedavisi hem farmakoterapi hem de psikoterapiyi içerir. Farmakoterapi, ağırlıklı olarak bilişsel terapiye odaklanan psikoterapi sırasında ortaya çıkabilecek semptomları hafifletmek için uygulanır. Böylece amaç, bireyin işlevselliğini artırmak ve diğer şizotipal özellikleri en aza indirmektir.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5. Baskı). American psychiatric association.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4. Baskı). American psychiatric association.
  • Arıca, S. ve Gençer, Z., M. (2018). Kişilik Bozuklukları. Türkiye Klinikleri J Fam Med-Special Topics, 9(3), 213-219.
  • Apthorp, D., Bolbecker, A. R., Bartolomeo, L. A., O’Donnell, B. F., ve Hetrick, W. P. (2019). Postural sway abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(3), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby141
  • Ayçiçeği, A., Dinn, W. M., ve Harris, C. L. (2005). Validation of Turkish and English versions of the schizotypal personality questionnaire-B. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.1.34
  • Bayğın, C. (2020), Agorafobisi olan ve olmayan panik bozukluk hastalarının çocukluk çağı travması ile şizotipal kişilik özellikleri yönünden karşılaştırılması [Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi]. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Carcione, A., Riccardi, I., Bilotta, E., Leone, L., Pedone, R., Conti, L., ... ve Semerari, A. (2019). Metacognition as a predictor of improvements in personality disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00170
  • Cheli, S., Cavalletti, V., Lysaker, P. H., Dimaggio, G., Petrocchi, N., Chiarello, F., ... ve Goldzweig, G. (2023). A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing a novel compassion and metacognition approach for schizotypal personality disorder with a combination of cognitive therapy and psychopharmacological treatment. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04610-5
  • Cheli, S., Lysaker, P. H., ve Dimaggio, G. (2019). Metacognitively oriented psychotherapy for schizotypal personality disorder: A two‐case series. Personality and mental health, 13(3), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1447
  • Çaresiz, D., ve Faraji, H. (2022). Covid-19 Pandemi Döneminin Kişilik Bozukluğu Olan Bireylerdeki Olası Etkilerine Dair Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 264-284. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1053922
  • Çuvadar Baş, Y. (2023). Hastane Öncesi Psikiyatrik Aciller . Hastane Öncesi Dergisi , 8(1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.54409/hod.1228744
  • Deniz, D. (2017). Kişilik bozukluklarında tanı güvenirliği ve cezai sorumluluk. Adli Tıp Bülteni, 22(2), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2017228029
  • Ertan, E. A., ve Cankorur, V. Ş. (2017). Kişilik bozukluklarının tanısı: yeni bulgular ile tanıda kullanılan anket ve ölçekler. Kriz Dergisi, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000354
  • Faraone, S. V., Green, A. I., Seidman, L. J., ve Tsuang, M. T. (2001). “Schizotaxia”: clinical implications and new directions for research. Schizophrenia bulletin, 27(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006849
  • Grant, P. M., Huh, G. A., Perivoliotis, D., Stolar, N. M., ve Beck, A. T. (2012). Randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive therapy for low-functioning patients with schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(2), 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.129
  • Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Haznedar, M. M., Newmark, R., Goldstein, K. E., Zelmanova, Y., ... ve Siever, L. J. (2008). Cortical gray and white matter volume in unmedicated schizotypal and schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia research, 101(1-3), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.472
  • Hazlett, E. A., Rothstein, E. G., Ferreira, R., Silverman, J. M., Siever, L. J., ve Olincy, A. (2015). Sensory gating disturbances in the spectrum: Similarities and differences in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 161(2-3), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.020
  • Kart, A., Özdel, K., ve Türkçapar, M. H. (2021). Şizofreni tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı terapi. Nöropsikiatri Arşivi, 58, 61-65. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.27418
  • Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., ve Schulsinger, F. (1968). The types and prevalence of mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 6, 345-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(68)90026-5
  • Kirchner, S. K., Roeh, A., Nolden, J., ve Hasan, A. (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review. NPJ schizophrenia, 4(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0062-8
  • Köse, H. (2023). Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı alan hastalarda hastalık şiddetinin psikotik semptomlar, şizotipal kişilik özellikleri, dissosiyasyon, ve çocukluk çağı travmaları ile ilişkisi [Yayımlanmamış uzmanlık tezi]. Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi.
  • Kuperberg, G. R., Broome, M. R., McGuire, P. K., David, A. S., Eddy, M., Ozawa, F., ... ve Fischl, B. (2003). Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 60(9), 878-888. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.878
  • Lewandowski, K. E., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Nelson-Gray, R. O., Clancy, C., Kepley, H. O., ve Kwapil, T. R. (2006). Anxiety and depression symptoms in psychometrically identified schizotypy. Schizophrenia research, 83(2-3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.11.024
  • Linscott, R. J., ve Morton, S. E. (2018). The latent taxonicity of schizotypy in biological siblings of probands with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(4), 922-932. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx143
  • Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Rosenheck, R. A., Perkins, D. O., ... ve Hsiao, J. K. (2005). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. New England journal of medicine, 353(12), 1209-1223. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa051688
  • Lysaker, P. H., Cheli, S., Dimaggio, G., Buck, B., Bonfils, K. A., Huling, K., ... ve Lysaker, J. T. (2021). Metacognition, social cognition, and mentalizing in psychosis: are these distinct constructs when it comes to subjective experience or are we just splitting hairs?. BMC psychiatry, 21(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03338-4
  • Meehl P. E. (1962) Schizotaxia, Schizotypy, Schizophrenia, American Psychologist, 17,827-838. McClure, M. M., Graff, F., Triebwasser, J., Perez-Rodriguez, M., Rosell, D. R., Koenigsberg, H., ... ve New, A. S. (2019). Guanfacine augmentation of a combined intervention of computerized cognitive remediation therapy and social skills training for schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030349
  • Machón, R. A., Huttunen, M. O., Mednick, S. A., Sinivuo, J., Tanskanen, A., Watson, J. B., ... ve Pyhälä, R. (2002). Adult schizotypal personality characteristics and prenatal influenza in a Finnish birth cohort. Schizophrenia research, 54(1-2), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00346-2
  • Mısır, E., ve Alptekin, K. (2020). Şizotipi kavramı ve şizotipal kişilik bozukluğu. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(3), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.27576
  • Nettle, D., ve Clegg, H. (2006). Schizotypy, creativity and mating success in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273(1586), 611-615. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3349
  • Nordentoft, M., Thorup, A., Petersen, L., Øhlenschlæger, J., Melau, M., Christensen, T. Ø., ... ve Jeppesen, P. (2006). Transition rates from schizotypal disorder to psychotic disorder for first-contact patients included in the OPUS trial. A randomized clinical trial of integrated treatment and standard treatment. Schizophrenia Research, 83(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.01.002
  • Nowak, I., Sabariego, C., Świtaj, P., ve Anczewska, M. (2016). Disability and recovery in schizophrenia: a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0912-8
  • Paris, J. (1993). Personality disorders: A biopsychosocial model. Journal of personality disorders, 7(3), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1993.7.3.255
  • Perris, F., Fabrazzo, M., De Santis, V., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Fiorillo, A., ve Catapano, F. (2019). Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizotypal personality disorder: clinical response and treatment resistance to pharmacotherapy in a 3-year follow-up naturalistic study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 386. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00386
  • Rado, S. (1953). Dynamics and classification of disordered behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 110(6), 406-416. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.110.6.406
  • Rosell, D. R., Futterman, S. E., McMaster, A., ve Siever, L. J. (2014). Schizotypal personality disorder: a current review. Current psychiatry reports, 16, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0452-1
  • Semerari, A., Colle, L., Pellecchia, G., Buccione, I., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., ... ve Pedone, R. (2014). Metacognitive dysfunctions in personality disorders: Correlations with disorder severity and personality styles. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(6), 751-766. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2014_28_137
  • Takayanagi, Y., Sasabayashi, D., Takahashi, T., Furuichi, A., Kido, M., Nishikawa, Y., ... ve Suzuki, M. (2020). Reduced cortical thickness in schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder. Schizophrenia bulletin, 46(2), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz051
  • Thompson, J. L., Rosell, D. R., Slifstein, M., Girgis, R. R., Xu, X., Ehrlich, Y., ... ve Siever, L. J. (2014). Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: a PET study with [11 C] NNC112. Psychopharmacology, 231, 4231-4240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3566-6
  • Tuna, E. ve Öncül-Demir, Ö. (Ed.). (2022). DSM-5’e göre anormal psikoloji. (2. Baskı). Nobel Yayın.
  • Ünver, B., Öner, Ö., ve Yurtbaşı, P. (2015). Şizotipal kişilik bozukluğu ile otizm spektrum bozukluklarının ayırıcı tanısı: Bir olgu sunumu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(1), 65-70.
  • Velikonja, T., Velthorst, E., McClure, M. M., Rutter, S., Calabrese, W. R., Rosell, D., ... ve Perez‐Rodriguez, M. M. (2019). Severe childhood trauma and clinical and neurocognitive features in schizotypal personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 140(1), 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13032
  • Walker, E., Kestler, L., Bollini, A., ve Hochman, K. M. (2004). Schizophrenia: etiology and course. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 401-430. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141950
  • Walsh, J. (2017). Schizotypal personality disorder: A clinical social work perspective. Journal of Social Work Practice, 31(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2015.1132686
  • Widiger, T. A. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of personality disorders. Oxford University Press, USA.
  • World Health Organization. (2022). International classification of diseases: eleventh revision (ICD-11).
  • World Health Organization. (2023). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f18178000 adresinden 28 Eylül 2023 tarihinde alınıştır.
  • Zimmermann, G., Favrod, J., Trieu, V. H., ve Pomini, V. (2005). The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 77(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.018
  • Zhang, T., Li, H., Tang, Y., Li, H., Zheng, L., Guo, Q., ... ve Xiao, Z. (2015). Screening schizotypal personality disorder for detection of clinical high risk of psychosis in Chinese mental health services. Psychiatry research, 228(3), 664-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.049
  • Zhu, Y., Tang, Y., Zhang, T., Li, H., Tang, Y., Li, C., ... ve Wang, J. (2017). Reduced functional connectivity between bilateral precuneus and contralateral parahippocampus in schizotypal personality disorder. BMC psychiatry, 17, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1146-5
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Umutcan Altunkaya 0009-0004-7960-3273

Cicek Hocaoglu 0000-0001-6613-4317

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Altunkaya, U., & Hocaoglu, C. (2023). Az Bilinen Bir Konu ’Şizotipal Kişilik Bozukluğu’: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Klinik Ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 3(2), 14-35.