Öz
ÖZ
Descartes, Meditasyonlar’da insan ruhunun veya zihninin bedenden ayrı olarak var olduğuna dair üç argüman sunar. Birincisinde “düşünüyorum o halde varım” ile var olmanın en temel biçiminin düşünmek yani kendisine dair bilinci olduğunu fark eder ve bunun şüphe götürmez kesinliğinden hareketle kendisinin diğer duyulur şeyler gibi şüphe götüren bedenden farklı olduğu sonucunu çıkarır. İkincisinde ise Descartes zihin ve bedenin kavramsal olarak birbirlerinden ayrı düşünülebilmesi nedeniyle gerçeklikte de ayrı olduklarını savunur. Çünkü düşüncemizin gerçekliğe uymaması için bir gerekçe yoktur. Üçüncüsünde ise Descartes, Platoncu ruhun basitliği argümanına baş vurur. Buna göre ruh tüm zihinsel faaliyetlerinde bölünemez iken beden uzamlı olduğu için bölünebilir ve bu nedenle de eksilebilir. Halbuki bedenin eksilmesiyle ruhta hiçbir eksilme ortaya çıkmaz. Bu durum ruhun veya zihnin bedenden ayrı olduğunu ortaya koyar.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Descartes, Ruh, Zihin, Beden, Basitlik
Kaynakça
- Barnett, David. “The Simplicity Intuition and Its Hidden Influence on Philosophy of Mind”, Nous 42/2 (2008), 308-335.
- Bennett, Jonathan. Objections to the Meditations and Descartes’s Replies, 2017, https://www.earlymoderntexts.com› descartes1642. (15.09.2022)
- Chisholm, Roderick M. “On the Simplicity of the Soul”, Philosophical Perspectives, 05 (1991), 167-181.
- Clarke, Desmond M. Descartes’s Theory of Mind. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.
- Cottingham, John. The Rationalists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy with Selections from the Objections and Replies. çev. Michael Moriarty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Descartes, Rene. The Principles of Philosophy. çev. V. R. Miller, R. P. Miller. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1982.
- Frankfurt, Harry G. Demons, Dreamers, and Madman. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008.
- Hintikka, Jaakko. “Cogito Ergo Sum: Inference or Performance”, The Philosophical Review 71/01 (1962), 3-32.
- Kenny, Anthony. Descartes. New York: Random House, 1968.
- Wagner, Steven J. “Descartes’s Arguments for Mind-Body Distinctness”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 43/04 (1983), 499-517.
- Wilson, Margaret D. “Descartes: The Epistemological Argument for Mind-Body Distinctness”, Nous 10/01 (1976), 3-15.
- Zimmerman, Dean W. “Two Cartesian Arguments for the Simplicity of the Soul”, American Philosophical Quarterly 28/03 (1991), 217-226.
Öz
ABSTRACT
In the Meditations, Descartes offers three arguments for the human soul or mind to exist separately from the body. In the first, with "I think, therefore I am", he realizes that the most basic form of existence is thinking, that is, the consciousness of himself, and based on the undoubted certainty of this, he concludes that he is different from the body, which is doubtful like other sensible things. In the second, Descartes argues that because the mind and body can be considered conceptually separate from each other, they are also separate in reality. Because there is no reason why our thinking should not conform to reality. In the third, Descartes appeals to the Platonic argument of the simplicity of the soul. Accordingly, while the soul is indivisible in all its mental activities, the body can be divided and therefore diminished because it is extended. However, with the decrease of the body, there is no decrease in the soul. This indicates that the soul or mind is separate from the body.
Keywords: Descartes, Soul, Mind, Body, Simplicity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Barnett, David. “The Simplicity Intuition and Its Hidden Influence on Philosophy of Mind”, Nous 42/2 (2008), 308-335.
- Bennett, Jonathan. Objections to the Meditations and Descartes’s Replies, 2017, https://www.earlymoderntexts.com› descartes1642. (15.09.2022)
- Chisholm, Roderick M. “On the Simplicity of the Soul”, Philosophical Perspectives, 05 (1991), 167-181.
- Clarke, Desmond M. Descartes’s Theory of Mind. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.
- Cottingham, John. The Rationalists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy with Selections from the Objections and Replies. çev. Michael Moriarty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Descartes, Rene. The Principles of Philosophy. çev. V. R. Miller, R. P. Miller. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1982.
- Frankfurt, Harry G. Demons, Dreamers, and Madman. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008.
- Hintikka, Jaakko. “Cogito Ergo Sum: Inference or Performance”, The Philosophical Review 71/01 (1962), 3-32.
- Kenny, Anthony. Descartes. New York: Random House, 1968.
- Wagner, Steven J. “Descartes’s Arguments for Mind-Body Distinctness”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 43/04 (1983), 499-517.
- Wilson, Margaret D. “Descartes: The Epistemological Argument for Mind-Body Distinctness”, Nous 10/01 (1976), 3-15.
- Zimmerman, Dean W. “Two Cartesian Arguments for the Simplicity of the Soul”, American Philosophical Quarterly 28/03 (1991), 217-226.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Din, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları |
| Bölüm | MAKALELER |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 9 Ocak 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Ocak 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 19 |
