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Repositioning the Representation of Femininity in H.D.'s "The Garden"

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 90 - 102, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1176837

Öz

Hilda Doolittle, an American poet, playwright, and novelist known by the initials H.D., was one of the few female figures of the male-dominated early modernist era. Her early works are of crucial importance as they are associated with Imagism, the literary movement shaped by Ezra Pound as a reaction to the wordiness, indirectness, and sentimentality of Victorian and Romantic poetry. H.D. played an important role in Imagism. Ezra Pound, who suggested that Hilda Doolittle append the signature “H.D., Imagiste” to her works, introduced her as the leader of Imagism. Her first poetry collection, Sea Garden (1916), which includes twenty-seven poems, is a paragon of Imagist poetry. The poems were composed in free verse without thematic boundaries and with the use of harsh and impersonal style and diction, natural imagery, a melodious rhythm, and economical word choice. However, H.D.’s “The Garden,” an image-focused poem from this collection, goes far beyond Imagism. It is not simply a nature poem; the narrator glorifies fierce natural objects such as hard roses, rigorous winds, and thick air to represent women’s potential strength, resilience, and productivity. It also subverts the stereotypical representation of femininity and female vulnerability by displacing dominant patriarchal myths. The poem is brimming with encoded images that metaphorically reconstruct female imagery and representation. This paper investigates how “The Garden” unfolds hidden and disregarded concepts of femininity to reposition the female figure in the ideal imaginary “Garden” by saving her from the confinement of the man-made “Garden” in order to suggest a new representation of femininity, mirroring Pound’s call to “Make It New!”

Kaynakça

  • Bernstein, Michael Andre. A. The Tale of the Tribe: Ezra Pound and the Modern Verse Epic. (Princeton: University Press, 1980).
  • Blaas, von Karl. Rosenwunder (Miracle of Roses) (1839). Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-karl-von-blaas-rosenwunder-132820706.html
  • Bloom, Clive. “Introduction.” In Clive Bloom and Brian Docherty (Eds.). American Poetry: The Modernist Ideal. (London: Macmillan Press, LTD., 1995).
  • Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. (London: Routledge, 1990).
  • Chevalier, Jean and Alain Gheerbrant. John Buchanan-Brown (Trans.). A Dictionary of Symbols. (London, England; New York, USA: Penguin Books, 1996).
  • Doolittle, Hilda. Collected Poems of H.D. (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925).
  • _____ “Garden.” In Selected Poems 1912-1944. Louis Martz (Ed.). (New York: New Directions, 1988).
  • _____ “H. D. Papers.” Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Accessed 15 June, 2021. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2003457, https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/hd-papers
  • _____ “Sea Rose.” In Selected Poems. Louis Martz (Ed.). (New York: New Directions, 1988).
  • Duncan, Robert. The H. D. Book. Part I. (Frontier Press, 1984). Accessed 15 August, 2022. http://ccca.concordia.ca/history/ozz/english/books/hd_book/HD_Book_by_Robert_Duncan.pdf
  • “Ezra Pound, Tristan Tzara, Man Ray, Kiki Ray, Mina Loy, Jane Heap, Jean Cocteau, Martha Dennison and others in front of the Jockey Club of Paris, 1923.” Accessed 23 August 2022. https://www.reddit.com/r/OldSchoolCool/comments/3v743m/ezra_pound_tristan_tzara_man_ray_kiki_ray_mina/
  • Flint, Frank Stuart. “Imagisme,” Poetry, 1(6), (March 1913): 199.
  • Friedman, Susan. “Who Buried H.D.? A Poet, Her Critics, and Her Place in ‘The Literary Tradition,’” College English, 36(7), (1975): 801-814.
  • Hatlen, Burton. “Foreword: 20th Century American Poetry: Some Guideposts.” The Facts on File Companion to 20th-Century American Poetry. Burt Kimmelman (Ed.). (New York: Facts on File, 2005).
  • Lewis, Wyndham. The Dancers. 1912. In “Escaping the Vortex: Would Wyndham Lewis Have Approved?” Michael Eden. Retrieved 23 December, 2016. Accessed 18 August, 2022. https://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/escaping-vortex-wyndham-lewis-approved/
  • _____ “Vortex.” In Blast. Wyndham Lewis (Ed.), (London: John Lane, the Bodley Head, 1914-15): 1, 153.
  • Mitchell, W. John Thomas. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press,1994).
  • Picasso, Pablo. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. (1907).  Courtesy of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79766
  • Poetry Magazine, A History of the Magazine. Accessed 15 August, 2022. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/history
  • Pound, Ezra. “A Few Dont’s by an Imagiste.” Poetry, (1)6, (March 2013): 200-206
  • _____ Des Imagistes: An Anthology. (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1914). Accessed 10 August, 2022. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/50782/50782-h/50782-h.htm
  • _____ “Extract from ‘A Retrospective’ in Literary Essays of Ezra Pound.” Ed. T. S. Eliot. London: Faber. 3-8.
  • _____ Make It New. London: Faber and Faber. First Edition. 1934.
  • _____ Personae: The Shorter Poems of Ezra Pound. (New York: Faber & Faber, 1990).
  • _____ “Retrospective.” (1918). In Prose Keys to Modern Poetry. Karl Shapiro (Ed.), (New York: Harper and Row, 1962): 104-112.
  • _____ “Vortex.” In Blast. Wyndham Lewis (Ed.), 1, 153.
  • Richman-Abdou, Kelly. “9 Facts About Picasso’s Groudbreaking Painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon.” Released 23 December, 2019. Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://mymodernmet.com/les-demoiselles-davignon-facts/
  • Riffaterre, Michael. “Syllepsis.” Critical Inquiry, (6)4, (Summer 1980): 625-638.
  • Roberts, William. The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel: Spring, 1915. Accessed 12 August, 2022. Tate Museum, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/roberts-the-vorticists-at-the-restaurant-de-la-tour-eiffel-spring-1915-t00528
  • “Roses in Art: Middle Ages.” In KarensGardenTips. Released on April 20, 2017. Accessed 18 August, 2022. http://www.karensgardentips.com/garden-history/roses-in-art-middle-ages/.
  • Stein, Gertrude. Geography and Play. Boston: Four Seas Co., 1922, pp. 178-188. _____ “Sacred Emily.” Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://writing.upenn.edu/library/Stein-Gertrude_Rose-is-a-rose.html
  • Zilboorg, Caroline. “H. D. and R. A.: Early Love and the Exclusion of Ezra Pound.” In H. D. Newsletter, 3(1), (1998): 24-26. Accessed 31 August, 2022. https://www.imagists.org/hd/hdcz31.html.

H.D.'nin "Bahçe" adlı Şiirinde Kadınlık Temsilinin Yeniden Konumlandırılması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 90 - 102, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1176837

Öz

İsminin baş harfleri olan H.D. olarak bilinen Amerikalı şair, oyun yazarı ve romancı Hilda Doolittle, erken modernist dönemin erkek egemen dünyasındaki birkaç kadın figürden biri olarak karşımıza çıkar. İlk yapıtları, Viktoryen ve Romantik şiirin sözlük çokluğu, dolaylılık ve duygusallığına tepki olarak ortaya çıkan ve Ezra Pound ile şekillenmiş olan İmgecilik akımı ile ilgisi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. H.D., İmgecilik akımında önemli bir role sahiptir ve yazdığı şiirleri “H.D., Imagiste” kısaltmasıyla imzalamasını isteyen Ezra Pound, onu bu akımın lideri olarak ilan eder. 1916’da yayınlanan ve yirmi yedi şiirden oluşan ilk şiir kitabı Sea Garden, İmagist şiire örnek teşkil eder. Bu şiirler, tema kısıtlaması olmaksızın, serbest ölçü ve sert ve kişisel olmayan bir biçem ve söyleyiş ile ve aynı zamanda da doğa imgeleri, ahenkli bir ritim ve hesaplı sözcükler kullanılarak yazılmıştır. Ancak, H.D.’nın bu seçkideki “Bahçe” adlı imge odaklı şiiri, İmgecilik akımının ötesine gider. Basit bir doğa şiiri olmayan bu şiirde anlatıcı, baskın ataerkil mitleri devirmek ve basmakalıp kadınlık temsili ve kadın kırılganlığını yıkmak için, sert güller, vahşi doğa objeleri ve ağır hava imgelerini kullanır ve kadının güç, dayanıklılık ve üretkenlik potansiyelini yüceltir. Bu şiir, kadın imgesi ve temsilinin mecazi olarak yeniden inşa edildiği çeşitli kodlanmış imgelerle doludur. Bu makale, H.D.’nin “Bahçe” adlı şiirinin, kadını erkek-yapımı mahkumiyet bölgesi olarak tartışılan “Bahçe”den kurtararak, hayal edilen ideal “Bahçe”de yeniden konumlandırmak için, kadınlığın gizli ve göz ardı edilmiş kavramlarını nasıl açığa çıkardığını incelemektedir. Ayrıca bu şiir, yeni bir kadınlık temsili kavramını ortaya atarak Pound’un “Yenile” adlı özdeyişini de yansıtmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bernstein, Michael Andre. A. The Tale of the Tribe: Ezra Pound and the Modern Verse Epic. (Princeton: University Press, 1980).
  • Blaas, von Karl. Rosenwunder (Miracle of Roses) (1839). Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-karl-von-blaas-rosenwunder-132820706.html
  • Bloom, Clive. “Introduction.” In Clive Bloom and Brian Docherty (Eds.). American Poetry: The Modernist Ideal. (London: Macmillan Press, LTD., 1995).
  • Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. (London: Routledge, 1990).
  • Chevalier, Jean and Alain Gheerbrant. John Buchanan-Brown (Trans.). A Dictionary of Symbols. (London, England; New York, USA: Penguin Books, 1996).
  • Doolittle, Hilda. Collected Poems of H.D. (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925).
  • _____ “Garden.” In Selected Poems 1912-1944. Louis Martz (Ed.). (New York: New Directions, 1988).
  • _____ “H. D. Papers.” Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Accessed 15 June, 2021. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2003457, https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/hd-papers
  • _____ “Sea Rose.” In Selected Poems. Louis Martz (Ed.). (New York: New Directions, 1988).
  • Duncan, Robert. The H. D. Book. Part I. (Frontier Press, 1984). Accessed 15 August, 2022. http://ccca.concordia.ca/history/ozz/english/books/hd_book/HD_Book_by_Robert_Duncan.pdf
  • “Ezra Pound, Tristan Tzara, Man Ray, Kiki Ray, Mina Loy, Jane Heap, Jean Cocteau, Martha Dennison and others in front of the Jockey Club of Paris, 1923.” Accessed 23 August 2022. https://www.reddit.com/r/OldSchoolCool/comments/3v743m/ezra_pound_tristan_tzara_man_ray_kiki_ray_mina/
  • Flint, Frank Stuart. “Imagisme,” Poetry, 1(6), (March 1913): 199.
  • Friedman, Susan. “Who Buried H.D.? A Poet, Her Critics, and Her Place in ‘The Literary Tradition,’” College English, 36(7), (1975): 801-814.
  • Hatlen, Burton. “Foreword: 20th Century American Poetry: Some Guideposts.” The Facts on File Companion to 20th-Century American Poetry. Burt Kimmelman (Ed.). (New York: Facts on File, 2005).
  • Lewis, Wyndham. The Dancers. 1912. In “Escaping the Vortex: Would Wyndham Lewis Have Approved?” Michael Eden. Retrieved 23 December, 2016. Accessed 18 August, 2022. https://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/escaping-vortex-wyndham-lewis-approved/
  • _____ “Vortex.” In Blast. Wyndham Lewis (Ed.), (London: John Lane, the Bodley Head, 1914-15): 1, 153.
  • Mitchell, W. John Thomas. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press,1994).
  • Picasso, Pablo. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. (1907).  Courtesy of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79766
  • Poetry Magazine, A History of the Magazine. Accessed 15 August, 2022. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/history
  • Pound, Ezra. “A Few Dont’s by an Imagiste.” Poetry, (1)6, (March 2013): 200-206
  • _____ Des Imagistes: An Anthology. (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1914). Accessed 10 August, 2022. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/50782/50782-h/50782-h.htm
  • _____ “Extract from ‘A Retrospective’ in Literary Essays of Ezra Pound.” Ed. T. S. Eliot. London: Faber. 3-8.
  • _____ Make It New. London: Faber and Faber. First Edition. 1934.
  • _____ Personae: The Shorter Poems of Ezra Pound. (New York: Faber & Faber, 1990).
  • _____ “Retrospective.” (1918). In Prose Keys to Modern Poetry. Karl Shapiro (Ed.), (New York: Harper and Row, 1962): 104-112.
  • _____ “Vortex.” In Blast. Wyndham Lewis (Ed.), 1, 153.
  • Richman-Abdou, Kelly. “9 Facts About Picasso’s Groudbreaking Painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon.” Released 23 December, 2019. Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://mymodernmet.com/les-demoiselles-davignon-facts/
  • Riffaterre, Michael. “Syllepsis.” Critical Inquiry, (6)4, (Summer 1980): 625-638.
  • Roberts, William. The Vorticists at the Restaurant de la Tour Eiffel: Spring, 1915. Accessed 12 August, 2022. Tate Museum, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/roberts-the-vorticists-at-the-restaurant-de-la-tour-eiffel-spring-1915-t00528
  • “Roses in Art: Middle Ages.” In KarensGardenTips. Released on April 20, 2017. Accessed 18 August, 2022. http://www.karensgardentips.com/garden-history/roses-in-art-middle-ages/.
  • Stein, Gertrude. Geography and Play. Boston: Four Seas Co., 1922, pp. 178-188. _____ “Sacred Emily.” Accessed 30 August, 2022. https://writing.upenn.edu/library/Stein-Gertrude_Rose-is-a-rose.html
  • Zilboorg, Caroline. “H. D. and R. A.: Early Love and the Exclusion of Ezra Pound.” In H. D. Newsletter, 3(1), (1998): 24-26. Accessed 31 August, 2022. https://www.imagists.org/hd/hdcz31.html.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tuğba Karabulut 0000-0002-5205-3273

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Karabulut, Tuğba. “Repositioning the Representation of Femininity in H.D.’s ‘The Garden’”. Fe Dergi 14, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 90-102. https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1176837.