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Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 105 - 127, 28.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148716

Öz

Gaius Marius, Roma’nın Geç Cumhuriyet döneminde ortaya çıkan ve asker siyasetçi olarak da tanınan güçlü liderin ilkidir. Onun ortaya koyduğu yöntemler Roma’nın geleneksel iki kutuplu optimates- populares siyasetini başkalaştırmış, Sulla, Pompeius, Caesar, Marcus Antonius, Augustus gibi Cumhuriyet’in son dönemini şekillendiren figürlere rehberlik etmiştir. Marius’un siyaset tarzını şekillendiren ve dönüştüren unsurlar -Senato partisi optimates ve halk davasını savunan populares arasındaki çatışmada popularesin siyasi hareket alanının daraltılması, senato oligarşisinin Gracchus sonrası dönemde iç ve dış politikadaki başarısızlıkları- aynı zamanda kendinden sonraki populares siyasetini de etkilemiş, halkçı bir siyasetçi olarak başladığı siyasi kariyerinin asker siyasetçiye evirilmesine neden olmuştur. Bu makalede Marius’un ilk consullük yılı olan İÖ 107 yılına değin halkçı siyaset içindeki konumu ve bu süreçte senato oligarşisinin durumu bağlamında geleneksel siyasetten ayrılışı tarihsel veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

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The Emergence of a Warlord Politician: Gaius Marius

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 105 - 127, 28.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148716

Öz

Gaius Marius, the pioneer of warlord politicians in the Late Republic, reshaped Roman politics with his methods and was a model for Sulla, Pompeius, Caesar, Antonius, and Augustus, forming the last age of the Republic. The vicissitudes which consisted and transformed Marius’ political methods were also inspiring for populares. During the conflict between optimates, senatorial party, and populares, men of people in the Late Roman Republic, because of restriction populares’ political space by senatorial government and failures of senatorial oligarchy in domestic and foreign affairs caused to transform Marius’ career from typical popular politician to warlord politician. Marius' position in popular politics until the year his first consulate, 107 B.C., his separation from traditional politics, and the condition of senatorial oligarchy in this period, is evaluated in this study.

Kaynakça

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  • "Cic. Planc. Cicero, Pro Plancio. Şurada: Cicero, Pro Archia, Post Reditum in Senatu, Post Reditum ad Quirites, De Domo Sua, De Haruspicum Responsis, Pro Plancio, Transl. N. H. Watts, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1923. (Loeb Classical Library)"
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  • "Carney 1961 T.F. Carney, A Biography of C.Marius, Assen."
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  • "Davenport 2019 C. Davenport, A History of the Roman Equestrian Order, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."
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  • "Gabba 1976 E. Gabba, Republican Rome, the Army, and the Allies, Transl. P.J. Cuff, Berkley."
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  • "Kaya 2006 M. A. Kaya, “Marius Reformlarindan Önce Roma Ordusu”. Doğumunun 65. Yılında Prof. Dr. Tuncer Baykara’ya Armağan/Tarih Yazıları, Ed. M. A. Erdoğru, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, s. 324-352."
  • "Kaya 2009 M. A. Kaya, “Anadolu’da Roma Egemenliği (İÖ 205-25)” Doğu Batı, 49/11, Romalılar I, s. 196-233."
  • "Kaya 2017 M. Kaya, “Roma Cumhuriyeti'nin İÖ 80'li Yılları: Siyaset, Darbeler ve İç Savaş”. Uluslararası Darbe Sempozyumu, Ed. M. Aslan, R.K. Haykıran, A. Bilgenoğlu, M. Çeken, A. E. Dingil, Cilt 2, Aydın, s. 807-828."
  • "Kaya 2019 M. A. Kaya, Türkiye’nin Eskiçağ Tarihi III: Hellenistik Dönem, İstanbul."
  • "Karahan 2020 Ü. O. Karahan, “Hellen ve Roma Dünyasında Patronus-Cliens İlişkisi”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 44, s. 527-546."
  • "Küçük 2015 E. Küçük, “Roma Halkının İki Özgürlük Kalesi: ‘Provocatio ad Populum’ ve ‘Tribunus Plebis’”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, s. 127-144"
  • "Last 1932 H. Last, “Gaius Gracchus”. The Cambridge Ancient History, 1st Edn., Ed. S.A. Cook, F.E. Adcock, M.P. Charlesworth, Vol. 9. The Roman Republic, 133-44 B.C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, s. 40-101."
  • "Lintott 1981 A. Lintott, “The leges de repetundis and associate measures under the Republic”, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung, Band 98, s. 162-212."
  • "Lintott 1999 A. Lintott, “Ambitius”. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, s. 70-71."
  • "Lintott 2006 A. Lintott, “Political History, 146-95 B.C.”, The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd Edn., Ed. J. Crook, A. Lintott, E. Rawson, Vol. 9 The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 B.C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, s. 40-103."
  • "Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ, Vol. 1: Text, Vol. 2: Notes, Princeton University Press, Princeton."
  • "Mattingly 1937 H. Mattingly, “The Property Qualifications of the Roman Classes”, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol.27, No.2, s. 99-107."
  • "Meier 1965 C. Meier, “Populares”. Paulys Realencyclopadie Der Classischen Altertumwissenschaft, Supplement Band X, s. 549-615."
  • "Meier 1966 C. Meier, Respublica Amissa, Wiesbaden."
  • "Millar 1998 F. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic, Ann Arbor."
  • "Mills 1974 C. Mills, İktidar Seçkinleri, Çev. Ü. Oskay, İstanbul, 1974."
  • "Mommsen 1863 T. Mommsen, The History of Rome, Vol. III, Transl. W. Dickson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."
  • "Pelling 1986 C.B.R. Pelling, “Plutarch and Roman Politics”. Past Perspective: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing, ed. I.S. Moxon, J.D. Smart, A.J. Woodman, Cambridge, s.159-187."
  • "Perelli 1982 L. Perelli, Il movimento popolare nell'ultimo secolo della repubblica, Turin, 1982."
  • "Plaumann 1913 G. Plaumann, “Das sogenannte Senatus consultum ultimum, die Quasidiktatur der späteren römischen Republik”, Klio, vol.13, s. 321–386."
  • "Purser 1899 L.C. Purser, “Professor Ellis's Edition of Velleius”, Hermathena, Vol.10, No.25, s. 369-396."
  • "Rich 1983 J. W. Rich, “The Supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the Later Second Century”, Historia, 32/3, s. 287-331."
  • "Richardson 2004 J.S. Richardson, Hispaniae: Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism 218-82 BC, Cambridge."
  • "Rowland 1964 R.J. Rowland, Roman Grain Legislation 133-50 B.C., Disseratation, University of Pensilvania, Philadelphia."
  • "Rowland 1965 R. Rowland, “C. Gracchus and the Equites”, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol.96, s. 361-373"
  • "Scullard 2011 H.H. Scullard, From Gracchi to Nero, A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68, Taylor & Francis e-Library, Routledge, New York."
  • "Schovánek 1972 J. Schovánek, The Date of M. Octavius and His ""Lex Frumentaria"" Historia, Band 21, Heft 2, s. 235-243."
  • "Shatzman 1974 I. Shatzman, Scaurus, Marius and The Metelli: A Prosopographical-Factional Case, Ancient Society, Vol. 5, s. 197-222."
  • "Shatzman 1975 I. Shatzman, Senatorial Wealth and Roman Politics, Bruxelles."
  • "Sherwin-White 1972 A. N. Sherwin-White, “The Date of the Lex Repetundarum and Its Consequences”, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 62, s. 83-99."
  • "Stockton 1979 D. Stockton, The Gracchi, Clarendon Press, Oxford."
  • "Taşdöner 2017 K. Taşdöner, Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri: Augustus Dönemi, Bilge Kültür Sanat, İstanbul."
  • "Taylor 1957 L. R. Taylor, “The Centuriate Assembly before and after the Reform” The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 78 No.4, s."
  • "Taylor 1962 L.R. Taylor, “Forerunners of the Gracchi”, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol.52, 1962, 19-27."
  • "Weynand 1935 R. Weynand, “Nachtrage –Marius”. Paulys Realencyclopadie Der Classischen Altertumwissenschaft, Supplement Band VI, 1935, 1363-1425."
  • "Wiseman 1971 P. Wiseman, New Men in the Roman Senate 139 B.C. - 14 A.D., Oxford."
Toplam 87 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Okan Demir 0000-0001-7772-5550

Sinem Aydoğan Demir 0000-0002-5722-1053

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, O., & Demir, S. A. (2022). Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 37(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148716
AMA Demir O, Demir SA. Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius. TID. Temmuz 2022;37(1):105-127. doi:10.18513/egetid.1148716
Chicago Demir, Okan, ve Sinem Aydoğan Demir. “Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2022): 105-27. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148716.
EndNote Demir O, Demir SA (01 Temmuz 2022) Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37 1 105–127.
IEEE O. Demir ve S. A. Demir, “Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius”, TID, c. 37, sy. 1, ss. 105–127, 2022, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1148716.
ISNAD Demir, Okan - Demir, Sinem Aydoğan. “Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 37/1 (Temmuz 2022), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148716.
JAMA Demir O, Demir SA. Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius. TID. 2022;37:105–127.
MLA Demir, Okan ve Sinem Aydoğan Demir. “Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 37, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 105-27, doi:10.18513/egetid.1148716.
Vancouver Demir O, Demir SA. Bir Asker Siyasetçinin Doğuşu: Gaius Marius. TID. 2022;37(1):105-27.