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DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA MACERAPEREST BİR İNGİLİZ: İSLÂMİSTAN KRALI KHALİD (HALİD) SHELDRAKE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 1695 - 1715, 20.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1282332

Öz

Bertram William Sheldrake, İngiltere’nin orta-üst sınıfına mensup mühtedilerinden biriydi. Zengin bir turşu patronunun oğlu olan Sheldrake, Müslüman olduktan sonra adını Khalid (Halid) olarak değiştirdi ve Woking Müslüman Misyonu’nun ilk günlerinde aktif görevler aldı. Londra’da bazı camilerin kurulmasına ön ayak oldu ve servetinin çoğunu İngiltere’de dini yaymak için harcadı. Dergi editörü ve makale yazarı olarak İslâm dünyasının mezhepsel ayrılığına karşı çıkarak tüm Müslümanları kucaklayan bir politika izledi. İslâm dünyasındaki popülaritesi, yapmış olduğu çalışmalara paralel olarak giderek arttı. 1930’lu yılların başlarında Doğu Türkistan’daki Müslüman nüfus arasında bir dizi isyan hareketi başladı. Doğu Türkistan Cumhuriyeti ve Hoten Emirliği gibi birkaç kısa ömürlü İslâm devleti kuruldu. Yeni kurulan Doğu Türkistan Cumhuriyeti, bağımsızlığını temin edebilmek için uluslararası destek arayışına girişti. Bu sırada Türkistan delegasyonu İslâm dünyasında adını duyurmayı başarmış olan Halid Sheldrake’ye yeni kurulan devletin tahtını teklif etti. Heyet üyeleri hükümdarları olarak ona bir sadakat yemini ettiler. Sheldrake böylece “İslamistan Kralı Majesteleri Khalid” unvanını kullanmaya başladı. Güney Doğu Asya’da bulunan Müslüman topluluklara bir dizi ziyarette bulundu. Bununla birlikte yeni Kral, devletin yenilgisinden önce iktidara gelemedi. 1934 yılının ortalarından itibaren Doğu Türkistan’daki gelişmeler bağımsızlık mücadelesi etrafında kümelenen koalisyonun aleyhine bir seyir izledi. Sovyet destekli güçlerin bölgedeki kontrolünü yeniden sağlamasından sonra Sheldrake ve Doğu Türkistan Cumhuriyeti’nin bazı liderleri Hindistan’a kaçtılar. Sheldrake daha sonra İngiltere’ye geri dönerek İslâmî faaliyetlerine devam etti. Bu çalışmada Doğu Türkistan tarihi bahsinde pek bilinmeyen ve daha önce Türkçe literatürde ele alınmamış bir isim olan İslâmistan Kralı Halid Sheldrake’nin hayatı ve faaliyetleri arşiv belgeleri ve diğer kaynaklar ışığında incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • FO 371/2480.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-34, 17.11.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-35, 10.10.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-36, 29.08.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-37, 04.08.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-38, 27.08.1934.
  • The Advocate (Tasmania), 12 Nisan 1934.
  • Timaru Herald, 16 Nisan 1934.
  • Islamic Review and Muslim India, vol II, No. 6, Temmuz 1914.
  • The New York Times, 13 Mart 1934.
  • Washington Post, 10 Haziran 1934.
  • Los Angeles Times, 5 Ağustos 1934
  • A brief history of the ABM, the Association for British Muslims website, http://members.tripod.com/~british_muslims_assn/briefhistory.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2023).
  • The Pickle King of Islamistan (2008) http://china.notspecial.org/archives/2008/02/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2023).
  • Papers Past. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers?items_per_page=10&snippet=true&query=Khalid+sheldrake (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2023)
  • French, P. (2019). The last king of Xinjiang: how Bertram Sheldrake went from condiment heir to Muslim monarch. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2188216/last-king-xinjiang-how-bertram-sheldrake-went (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2023)
  • Özkan, S. (2020). Sincan’da İslamistan ve Bir Hayali Halife: Bertram W. Sheldrake, Güncel Tarih. http://www.gunceltarih.org/2020/01/sincanda-islamistan-ve-bir-hayali.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2023)
  • Ansari, H. (2018). The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bowen, P. D. (2015). A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States. Volume 1: White American Muslims before 1975, Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Bridges, F. (1945). Dynamite in Sinkiang. Current History, 9 (47), 40-45.
  • Buğra, M. E. (1952). Doğu Türkistan: Tarihî, Coğrafî ve Şimdiki Durumu. İstanbul: Güven Basımevi.
  • Clements, J. (2013). An Armchair Travellers History of The Silk Road. London: The Armchair Traveller at the BookHaus.
  • Edmonds, D. (2020). Shapurji Saklatvala, the Workers’ Welfare League of India, and transnational anti-colonial labour organising in the inter-war period. Twentieth Century Communism, 18 (18), 14-38.
  • Everest-Phillips, M. (1990). The suburban king of Tartary. Asian Affairs, 21 (3), 324-335.
  • Geaves, R. (2018). Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Germain, E. (2008). The First Muslim Missions on a European Scale: Ahmadi-Lahori networks in the Inter-War Period. Nathalie Clayer, Eric Germain (Ed.), Islam in Inter-War Europe içinde (ss. 89-128). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Gilham, J. (2015). Upholding the Banner of Islam: British Converts to Islam and the Liverpool Muslim Institute, c.1887-1908. Immigrants & Minorities, 33 (1), 23-44.
  • Gilham, J. (2017). Marmaduke Pickthall and the British Muslim Convert Community. Geoffrey P. Nash (Ed.), Marmaduke Pickthall: Islam and the Modern World içinde (ss. 48-71). Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Ke, W. (2018). The East Turkestan Independence Movement: 1930s-1940s. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  • Khan, M. M. (2017). Great Muslims of the West: Makers of Western Islam. Markfield, Leicestershire: Kube Publishing Ltd.
  • Lawless, R. I. (1994). Religion and politics among Arab seafarers in Britain in the early twentieth century. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 5 (1), 35-56.
  • Millward, J. A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ryad, U. (2016). Salafiyya, Ahmadiyya, and European Converts to Islam in the Interwar Period. Bekim Agai, Umar Ryad, Mehdi Sajid (Ed.), Muslims in Interwar Europe: A Transcultural Historical Perspective içinde (ss. 47-87). Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Saray, M. (2015). Doğu Türkistan Türkleri Tarihi. İstanbul: Aygan Yayıncılık.
  • Shearmur, J. (2014) The Woking Mosque Muslims: British Islam in the Early Twentieth Century. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 34 (2), 165-173.
  • Sherif, M. A. (1994). Searching for Solace: A Biography of Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Interpreter of the Qur’an). Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.

AN ADVENTURE BRITISH IN EASTERN TURKESTAN: KHALID (HALİD) SHELDRAKE, KING OF ISLAMESTAN

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 1695 - 1715, 20.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1282332

Öz

Bertram William Sheldrake was one of England’s upper middle class converts. The son of a wealthy pickle magnate, Sheldrake changed his name to Khalid (Halid) after converting to Islam and took active roles in the early days of the Woking Muslim Mission. He helped establishing some mosques in London and spent most of his fortune promoting religion in England. As a magazine editor and an essayist, he opposed the sectarian division of the Islamic world and followed a policy that included all Muslims. His popularity in the Islamic world gradually increased in parallel with his work. In the early 1930s, a series of rebellion movements began among the Muslim population in East Turkestan. A few short-lived Islamic states were established, such as the East Turkestan Republic and the Khoten Emirate. The newly established East Turkestan Republic sought international support to ensure its independence. Meanwhile, the Turkestan delegation offered the throne of the newly established state to Khalid Sheldrake, who had made a name for himself in the Islamic world. Members of the delegation took an oath of allegiance to him as their ruler. Sheldrake thus began using the title “His Majesty King Khalid of Islamestan”. He made a series of visits to Muslim communities in South East Asia. However, the new King did not come to power before the defeat of the state. Since the middle of 1934, the developments in East Turkestan created a situation against the coalition gathered around the struggle for independence. After Soviet-backed forces regained control of the region, Sheldrake and some leaders of the East Turkestan Republic went to India. Sheldrake later returned to England and continued his Islamic activities. In this study, the life and activities of the King of Islamestan, Khalid Sheldrake, who is a name that is not known about the history of East Turkestan and has not been discussed in Turkish literature before, has been examined in the light of archival documents and other sources.

Kaynakça

  • FO 371/2480.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-34, 17.11.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-35, 10.10.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-36, 29.08.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-37, 04.08.1934.
  • TDA/571/35962-141907-38, 27.08.1934.
  • The Advocate (Tasmania), 12 Nisan 1934.
  • Timaru Herald, 16 Nisan 1934.
  • Islamic Review and Muslim India, vol II, No. 6, Temmuz 1914.
  • The New York Times, 13 Mart 1934.
  • Washington Post, 10 Haziran 1934.
  • Los Angeles Times, 5 Ağustos 1934
  • A brief history of the ABM, the Association for British Muslims website, http://members.tripod.com/~british_muslims_assn/briefhistory.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2023).
  • The Pickle King of Islamistan (2008) http://china.notspecial.org/archives/2008/02/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2023).
  • Papers Past. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers?items_per_page=10&snippet=true&query=Khalid+sheldrake (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2023)
  • French, P. (2019). The last king of Xinjiang: how Bertram Sheldrake went from condiment heir to Muslim monarch. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2188216/last-king-xinjiang-how-bertram-sheldrake-went (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2023)
  • Özkan, S. (2020). Sincan’da İslamistan ve Bir Hayali Halife: Bertram W. Sheldrake, Güncel Tarih. http://www.gunceltarih.org/2020/01/sincanda-islamistan-ve-bir-hayali.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2023)
  • Ansari, H. (2018). The Infidel Within: Muslims in Britain since 1800. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bowen, P. D. (2015). A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States. Volume 1: White American Muslims before 1975, Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Bridges, F. (1945). Dynamite in Sinkiang. Current History, 9 (47), 40-45.
  • Buğra, M. E. (1952). Doğu Türkistan: Tarihî, Coğrafî ve Şimdiki Durumu. İstanbul: Güven Basımevi.
  • Clements, J. (2013). An Armchair Travellers History of The Silk Road. London: The Armchair Traveller at the BookHaus.
  • Edmonds, D. (2020). Shapurji Saklatvala, the Workers’ Welfare League of India, and transnational anti-colonial labour organising in the inter-war period. Twentieth Century Communism, 18 (18), 14-38.
  • Everest-Phillips, M. (1990). The suburban king of Tartary. Asian Affairs, 21 (3), 324-335.
  • Geaves, R. (2018). Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Germain, E. (2008). The First Muslim Missions on a European Scale: Ahmadi-Lahori networks in the Inter-War Period. Nathalie Clayer, Eric Germain (Ed.), Islam in Inter-War Europe içinde (ss. 89-128). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Gilham, J. (2015). Upholding the Banner of Islam: British Converts to Islam and the Liverpool Muslim Institute, c.1887-1908. Immigrants & Minorities, 33 (1), 23-44.
  • Gilham, J. (2017). Marmaduke Pickthall and the British Muslim Convert Community. Geoffrey P. Nash (Ed.), Marmaduke Pickthall: Islam and the Modern World içinde (ss. 48-71). Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Ke, W. (2018). The East Turkestan Independence Movement: 1930s-1940s. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
  • Khan, M. M. (2017). Great Muslims of the West: Makers of Western Islam. Markfield, Leicestershire: Kube Publishing Ltd.
  • Lawless, R. I. (1994). Religion and politics among Arab seafarers in Britain in the early twentieth century. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 5 (1), 35-56.
  • Millward, J. A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ryad, U. (2016). Salafiyya, Ahmadiyya, and European Converts to Islam in the Interwar Period. Bekim Agai, Umar Ryad, Mehdi Sajid (Ed.), Muslims in Interwar Europe: A Transcultural Historical Perspective içinde (ss. 47-87). Leiden & Boston: Brill.
  • Saray, M. (2015). Doğu Türkistan Türkleri Tarihi. İstanbul: Aygan Yayıncılık.
  • Shearmur, J. (2014) The Woking Mosque Muslims: British Islam in the Early Twentieth Century. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 34 (2), 165-173.
  • Sherif, M. A. (1994). Searching for Solace: A Biography of Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Interpreter of the Qur’an). Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Coşkun Kumru 0000-0001-5852-6855

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kumru, C. (2023). DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN’DA MACERAPEREST BİR İNGİLİZ: İSLÂMİSTAN KRALI KHALİD (HALİD) SHELDRAKE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(4), 1695-1715. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1282332