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The Anxiety-Related Themes of Young Adults found via Online Support Groups

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 101 - 123, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1137129

Öz

Young adulthood is a sensitive developmental period in terms of mental problems and young adults usually seek advice and need peer support during challenging periods. Due to the ease of virtual communication and widespread use of internet-enabled mobile devices, they might particularly prefer online support groups for their psychosocial support needs. This study aimed to examine the experiences of young adults between the ages of 18-30 via online support groups and understand the psychosocial factors associated with their anxiety symptoms. For this aim, 15 sessions of the “anxiety” -themed psychosocial support groups that took approximately 90-minute were conducted on the “YEVEZE” application. The written data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the factors that cause anxiety in young adults are clustered under the superordinate theme of the helpless core belief consistent with the cognitive model. Under this theme (i) the factors stemming from the parents, (ii) difficulty in social relations, and (iii) perfectionist goals/concerns for the future were found as the subordinate themes. The qualitative design of the study allowed us a broader perspective
of themes that are associated with anxiety among young adults. The results are notable for the diagnosis and preventive interventions. 

Kaynakça

  • Accordino, D. B., Accordino, M. P. ve Slaney, R. B. (2000). An investigation of perfectionism, mental health, achievement, and achievement motivation in adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 37(6), 535 ̶ 545. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(200011)37:6<535::AID-PITS6>3.0.CO;2-O
  • Ali, K., Farrer, L., Gulliver, A. ve Griffiths, K. M. (2015). Online peer-to-peer support for young people with mental health problems: a systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 2(2), e4418. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.4418
  • Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., Choudhury, M. D. ve Forte, A. (2018). Social support, reciprocity, and anonymity in responses to sexual abuse disclosures on social media. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 25(5), 1 ̶ 35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3234942
  • Anderson, M. ve Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology. Pew Research Center, 31(2018), 1673 ̶ 1689.
  • Bane, C. M., Haymaker, C. M. ve Zinchuk, J. (2005). Social Support as a moderator of the big fish in a little pond effect in online self-help support groups. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 10(4), 239 ̶ 261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2005.tb00015.x
  • Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M. ve Siegel, J. A. (2004). Childhood sexual abuse: A gender perspective on context and consequences. Child Maltreatment, 9(3), 223 ̶ 238. https://doi.org/10.1177/107755904266914
  • Barak, A., Boniel-Nissim, M. ve Suler, J. (2008). Fostering empowerment in online support groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1867 ̶ 1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.004
  • Bardone-Cone, A. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Frost, R. O., Bulik, C. M., Mitchell, J. E., Uppala, S. ve Simonich, H. (2007). Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(3), 384 ̶405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.005
  • Barnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L. ve Perrin, R. D. (2010). Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. Sage Publications.
  • Bartlett, Y. K. ve Coulson, N. S. (2011). An investigation into the empowerment effects of using online support groups and how this affects health professional/patient communication. Patient Education and Counseling, 83(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.029
  • Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H. ve Calear, A. L. (2013). Anxiety symptoms as precursors of major depression and suicidal ideation. Depression and Anxiety, 30(10), 908 ̶ 916. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22066
  • Bauer, S. ve Moessner, M. (2013). Harnessing the power of technology for the treatment and prevention of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(5), 508 ̶ 515. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22109
  • Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Publications.
  • Benton, S. A., Robertson, J. M., Tseng, W. C., Newton, F. B. ve Benton, S. L. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 66. https://doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66
  • Binggeli, N. J., Hart, S. N. ve Brassard, M. R. (2001). Psychological maltreatment of children. Sage Publications.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage Publications.
  • Braun, V. ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90012-2
  • Briere, J. ve Runtz, M. (1988). Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90007-5
  • Bull, L. (2003). The use of support groups by parents of children with dyslexia. Early Child Development and Care, 173(2-3), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430303092
  • Butler, B., Sproull, L., Kiesler, S. ve Kraut, R. (2008). Community effort in online groups: Who does the work and why? S. Weisband. (Ed.), Leadership at a Distance: Research in Technologically-supported Work içinde (ss. 171–194). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates/Taylor Francis.
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Genç Erişkinlerle Yapılan Çevrim İçi Destek Gruplarında Anksiyete Kaynaklarına Yönelik Temalar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 101 - 123, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1137129

Öz

Genç erişkinlik dönemi, gençlerin ruhsal sorunları açısından oldukça hassas olduğu, sorunlarını paylaşmaya, öneri almaya ve akran desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğu zorlayıcı bir süreçtir. Sanal dünyada iletişim kurmanın kolay olması ve internet özellikli mobil cihazların yaygınlaşması gençlerin psikososyal destek ihtiyacının çevrim içi destek grupları aracılığıyla karşılamasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada, 18-30 yaş arasındaki genç erişkinlerin çevrim içi gruplarındaki etkileşimlerinin ve onlar için kaygı yaratan psikososyal faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, psikiyatri polikliniğine kaygı şikâyeti ile başvuran 50 genç erişkin, kaygı yaşantılarını anonim olarak konuşmak üzere “YEVEZE” isimli uygulamaya davet edilmiştir. Uygulama üzerinden ortalama 90 dakika süren, “kaygı” temalı toplam 15 çevrim içi oturum yürütülmüştür. 42 kişinin dahil olduğu gruplardan elde edilen yazılı verilerin analizinde tematik analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, genç erişkinlerde kaygı yaratan etkenlerin bilişsel modelin çaresizlik temel inancı üst teması altında toplandığı gösterilmiştir. Bu temanın altında (i) ebeveynlerden kaynaklanan etkenler, (ii) sosyal ilişkilerde güçlük ve (iii) mükemmeliyetçi hedefler alt temalarının bulunduğu dikkati çekmiştir. Çalışmanın nitel tasarımı, genç erişkinlerde kaygıya neden temaların daha geniş bir bakış açısıyla incelenmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar tanı ve önleyici müdahaleler açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Accordino, D. B., Accordino, M. P. ve Slaney, R. B. (2000). An investigation of perfectionism, mental health, achievement, and achievement motivation in adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 37(6), 535 ̶ 545. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(200011)37:6<535::AID-PITS6>3.0.CO;2-O
  • Ali, K., Farrer, L., Gulliver, A. ve Griffiths, K. M. (2015). Online peer-to-peer support for young people with mental health problems: a systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 2(2), e4418. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.4418
  • Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., Choudhury, M. D. ve Forte, A. (2018). Social support, reciprocity, and anonymity in responses to sexual abuse disclosures on social media. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 25(5), 1 ̶ 35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3234942
  • Anderson, M. ve Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology. Pew Research Center, 31(2018), 1673 ̶ 1689.
  • Bane, C. M., Haymaker, C. M. ve Zinchuk, J. (2005). Social Support as a moderator of the big fish in a little pond effect in online self-help support groups. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 10(4), 239 ̶ 261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2005.tb00015.x
  • Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M. ve Siegel, J. A. (2004). Childhood sexual abuse: A gender perspective on context and consequences. Child Maltreatment, 9(3), 223 ̶ 238. https://doi.org/10.1177/107755904266914
  • Barak, A., Boniel-Nissim, M. ve Suler, J. (2008). Fostering empowerment in online support groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1867 ̶ 1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.004
  • Bardone-Cone, A. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Frost, R. O., Bulik, C. M., Mitchell, J. E., Uppala, S. ve Simonich, H. (2007). Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(3), 384 ̶405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.005
  • Barnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L. ve Perrin, R. D. (2010). Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. Sage Publications.
  • Bartlett, Y. K. ve Coulson, N. S. (2011). An investigation into the empowerment effects of using online support groups and how this affects health professional/patient communication. Patient Education and Counseling, 83(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.029
  • Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H. ve Calear, A. L. (2013). Anxiety symptoms as precursors of major depression and suicidal ideation. Depression and Anxiety, 30(10), 908 ̶ 916. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22066
  • Bauer, S. ve Moessner, M. (2013). Harnessing the power of technology for the treatment and prevention of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(5), 508 ̶ 515. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22109
  • Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Publications.
  • Benton, S. A., Robertson, J. M., Tseng, W. C., Newton, F. B. ve Benton, S. L. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 66. https://doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66
  • Binggeli, N. J., Hart, S. N. ve Brassard, M. R. (2001). Psychological maltreatment of children. Sage Publications.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage Publications.
  • Braun, V. ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90012-2
  • Briere, J. ve Runtz, M. (1988). Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90007-5
  • Bull, L. (2003). The use of support groups by parents of children with dyslexia. Early Child Development and Care, 173(2-3), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430303092
  • Butler, B., Sproull, L., Kiesler, S. ve Kraut, R. (2008). Community effort in online groups: Who does the work and why? S. Weisband. (Ed.), Leadership at a Distance: Research in Technologically-supported Work içinde (ss. 171–194). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates/Taylor Francis.
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  • Cowan, H. R., McAdams, D. P. ve Mittal, V. A. (2019). Core beliefs in healthy youth and youth at ultra high-risk for psychosis: Dimensionality and links to depression, anxiety, and attenuated psychotic symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 31(1), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417001912
  • Davison, K. P., Pennebaker, J. W. ve Dickerson, S. S. (2000). Who talks? The social psychology of illness support groups. American Psychologist, 55(2), 205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.205
  • Dosani, S., Harding, C. ve Wilson, S. (2014). Online groups and patient forums. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0507-3
  • Dozois, D. J., Eichstedt, J. A., Collins, K. A., Phoenix, E. ve Harris, K. (2012). Core beliefs, self-perception, and cognitive organization in depressed adolescents. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.99
  • Drieberg, H., McEvoy, P. M., Hoiles, K. J., Shu, C. Y. ve Egan, S. J. (2019). An examination of direct, indirect and reciprocal relationships between perfectionism, eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 32, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.12.002
  • Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D. ve Shafran, R. (2011). Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: A clinical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.009
  • Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T. ve Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466599162782
  • Eisenbarth, C. (2012). Does self-esteem moderate the relations among perceived stress, coping, and depression?. College Student Journal, 46(1), 149–158.
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  • Evans, M., Donelle, L. ve Hume-Loveland, L. (2012). Social support and online postpartum depression discussion groups: A content analysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 87(3), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.09.011
  • Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Englesakis, M., Rizo, C. Ve Stern, A. (2004). Health related virtual communities and electronic support groups: systematic review of the effects of online peer to peer interactions. Bmj, 328(7449), 1166. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1166
  • Fiorilli, C., Grimaldi Capitello, T., Barni, D., Buonomo, I. ve Gentile, S. (2019). Predicting adolescent depression: The interrelated roles of self-esteem and interpersonal stressors. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 565. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00565
  • Fitzsimons, S. ve Fuller, R. (2002). Empowerment and its implications for clinical practice in mental health: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 11(5), 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230020023
  • Frith, E. ve Loprinzi, P. (2017). Can Facebook reduce perceived anxiety among college students? Randomized controlled exercise trial using the transtheoretical model of behavior change. JMIR Mental Health, 4(4), e8086. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8086
  • Frost, R. O., Novara, C. ve Rhéaume, J. (2002). Perfectionism in obsessive compulsive disorder. R. O. Frost, C. Novara ve J. Rhéaume (Edl.), Cognitive Approaches To Obsessions and Compulsions içinde (ss. 91–105). Pergamon.
  • Galegher, J., Sproull, L. ve Kiesler, S. (1998). Legitimacy, authority, and community in electronic support groups. Written Communication, 15(4), 493–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088398015004003
  • Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): A conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6-7), 697–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00342-3
  • Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27–33.
  • Harper, F. W. ve Arias, I. (2004). The role of shame in predicting adult anger and depressive symptoms among victims of child psychological maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 19(6), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-004-0681-x
  • Hart, S. N., Brassard, M. R., Binggeli, N. J. ve Davidson, H. A. (2002). Psychological maltreatment. J. E. B. Myers, L. A. Berliner,J. N. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, T. A. Reid, C. A. Jenny, (Edl.), The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment içinde (ss.79–104). Sage Publications.
  • Hewitt, P. L., Caelian, C. F., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Collins, L. ve Flynn, C. A. (2002). Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(6), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X
  • Huang, H. Y. (2016). Examining the beneficial effects of an individual’s self-disclosure on the social network site. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.0300
  • Izgiç, F., Akyüz, G., Dogan, O. ve Kugu, N. (2000). Üniversite ögrencilerinde sosyal fobi yayginligi/The prevalence of social phobia in university student population. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1(4), 207.
  • Johansson, V., Islind, A. S., Lindroth, T., Angenete, E. ve Gellerstedt, M. (2021). Online communities as a driver for patient empowerment: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e19910. https://doi.org/10.2196/19910
  • Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Liu, J., Swartz, M. ve Blazer, D. G. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM–III–R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(S30), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1192/S0007125000298371
  • Kitzrow, M. A. (2003). The mental health needs of today's college students: Challenges and recommendations. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 41(1), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.1310
  • Krause, E. D., Hart, S. N. ve Brassard, T. R. (2003). Childhood emotional invalidation and adult psychological distress: The mediating role of emotional inhibition. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00536-7
  • Krueger, R. A. ve Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Sage Publications.
  • Lång, U., Yates, K., Leacy, F. P., Clarke, M. C., McNicholas, F., Cannon, M. ve Kelleher, I. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis: psychosis risk in children and adolescents with an at-risk mental state. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(5), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.593
  • Li, S., Feng, B., Li, N. ve Tan, X. (2015). How social context cues in online support-seeking influence self-disclosure in support provision. Communication Quarterly, 63(5), 586–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2015.1078389
  • Limburg, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S. ve Egan, S. J. (2017). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1301–1326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22435
  • McKenna, K. Y. A. (2009). Through the Internet looking glass: Expressing and validating the true self. A. Joinson, K. Y. A. McKenna, T. Postmes and U.-D. Reips (Edl.), Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology içinde (ss. 205–222). Online: Oxford Library of Psychology, Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0014
  • Munce, S. E. P., Shepherd, J., Perrier, L., Allin, S., Sweet, S. N., Tomasone, J. R., Nelson, M. L. A ve Guilcher, S. J. T, Hossain, S. ve Jaglal, S. (2017). Online peer support interventions for chronic conditions: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 7(9), e017999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017999
  • Nurnberger, J. I., McInnis, M., Reich, W., Kastelic, E., Wilcox, H. C., Glowinski, A., Mitchell, P., Fisher, C., Erpe, M., Gershon, E. S., Berrettini, W., Laite, G., Schweitzer, Rhoadarmer, K., Coleman, V.V., Cai, X., Azzouz, F.,Liu, H., Kamali, M… Monahan, P. O. (2011). A high-risk study of bipolar disorder: childhood clinical phenotypes as precursors of major mood disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(10), 1012–1020. http://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.126
  • Perron, B. (2002). Online support for caregivers of people with a mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 26(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.2975/26.2002.70.77
  • Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A. ve Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381
  • Rekart, K. N., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E. ve Griffith, J. W. (2007). Perceived family environment and symptoms of emotional disorders: The role of perceived control, attributional style, and attachment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-007-9131-4
  • Ridout, B. ve Campbell, A. (2018). The use of social networking sites in mental health interventions for young people: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(12), e12244. https://doi.org/10.2196/12244
  • Sandberg, D. A. ve Lynn, S. J. (1992). Dissociative experiences, psychopathology and adjustment, and child and adolescent maltreatment in female college students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(4), 717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.4.717
  • Schindel-Allon, I., Aderka, I. M., Shahar, G., Stein, M. ve Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2010). Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic distress and depressive symptoms following a traumatic event: a test of three models. Psychological Medicine, 40(10), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0033291709992248
  • Sironic, A. ve Reeve, R. A. (2015). A combined analysis of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS), and Almost Perfect Scale—Revised (APS-R): Different perfectionist profiles in adolescent high school students. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1471. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000137
  • Stewart, M., Letourneau, N., Masuda, J. R., Anderson, S. ve Ghan, S. (2011). Online solutions to support needs and preferences of parents of children with asthma and allergies. Journal of Family Nursing, 17(3), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840711415416
  • Suler, J. (2004). The psychology of text relationships. I. R. Kraus, J. Zack ve G. Stricker (Edl.), Online Counseling: A Handbook For Mental Health Professionals içinde (ss. 19–50). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • Tanis, M. ve Postmes, T. (2007). Two faces of anonymity: Paradoxical effects of cues to identity in CMC. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(2), 955–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.08.004
  • Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J.A., Abdalla, S, Aboyans, V.,Abraham, J., Ackerman, I., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S.Y., Ali, M. K., Almazro, M. A., Alvarado, M.,Anderson, H. R., Anderson, L. M…Harrison, J. E. (2012). Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2163–2196. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
  • Webb, M., Heisler, D., Call, S., Chickering, S. A. ve Colburn, T. A. (2007). Psychological maltreatment: Its relationship to shame, guilt, and depression. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 31, 1143–1153. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.003
  • Wright, K. B. (2016). Communication in health-related online social support groups/communities: A review of research on predictors of participation, applications of social support theory, and health outcomes. Review of Communication Research, 4, 65–87. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.010
  • Wright, K. B. ve Bell, S. B. (2003). Health-related support groups on the Internet: Linking empirical findings to social support and computer-mediated communication theory. Journal of Health Psychology, 8(1), 37–52.
  • Wright, M. O. D., Crawford, E. ve Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yasemin Hosgören 0000-0003-3384-8131

Zulal Törenli Kaya 0000-0003-1428-0739

Gamze Özçürümez 0000-0002-3548-5517

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Hosgören, Y., Törenli Kaya, Z., & Özçürümez, G. (2023). Genç Erişkinlerle Yapılan Çevrim İçi Destek Gruplarında Anksiyete Kaynaklarına Yönelik Temalar. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(1), 101-123. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1137129