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BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204)

Year 2020, Issue: 13, 113 - 134, 31.12.2020

Abstract

Bizans İmparatorluğu XI. yüzyılda gerek askerî teşkilatının bozulması gerek de ekonomisinin alt üst olması sebebiyle mutlak hâkimiyetini kaybetmiştir. Akabinde Doğuda Türkler Batıda ise Normanlar tarafından sıkıştırılması sonucu kendisine bir müttefik arama yoluna gitmiş ve nihayetinde Akdeniz’deki en önemli deniz gücüne sahip olan Venedik ile ittifak etmiştir. Bunun karşılığında ise Venedik’e, daha önce kimsenin sahip olmadığı ticarî imtiyazlar vermiştir. Kısa vadede işe yarayan bu ayrıcalıklar uzun vadede imparatorluğun neredeyse bütün pazarlarına vergisiz giren Venediklilerin Bizans ekonomisini ele geçirmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu duruma karşı koymak isteyen son muktedir Komnenos temsilcisi olan Manuel, 1171 yılında imparatorluk topraklarında yaşayan tüm Venediklileri tutuklayarak bir çatışma zemininin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır ki bu da ekonomik çöküşü hızlandırmıştır.
Manuel’in enkazını devralan I. Andronikos Komnenos imparatorluğun içinde bulunduğu ahvali göz önünde tutarak Venedik ile barış yapmış ise de karşılığında tutamayacağı sözler vermiştir. Onun yerine getiremediği sözlerin icrası ise Angelos Hanedanı’na miras kalmıştır. 1185 yılında II. Isaakios ile başlayan Angelos Hanedanı devri öncüllerinin bıraktığı sözleri yerine getirmek ve borçlarını ödemekle geçmiştir. Ancak hazinenin tamtakır olması Angelosları başka yollar aramaya itmiş ve zaten oldukça basiretsiz oldukları bilinen hanedan üyeleri Venedik’e yeni ticarî imtiyazlar tanıyarak durumu kurtarma çabası içine girmişlerdir. Bu makalede konunun daha anlaşılır olması için evvela Komnenoslar döneminde verilen imtiyazlar ele alınmış, müteakiben esas özne olan Angelos Hanedanı dönemi irdelenmiştir.

References

  • Ağır, Aygül, İstanbul’un Eski Venedik Yerleşimi ve Dönüşümü, İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, İstanbul 2013.
  • Altan, Ebru, “Bizans’a Karşı İlk Haçlı Seferi ve 1108 Devol Anlaşması”, Osmanlı’nın İzinde, Prof. Dr. Mehmet İpşirli Armağanı, I, ed. Feridun Emecen vd., Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2013, s. 107-117.
  • Altan, Ebru, “Venedik’in Haçlı Seferi 1122-1124”, Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Merçil’e Armağan, ed. Aydın Usta vd., Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2013, s. 299-307.
  • Angold, Michael, “Belle epoque or crisis?”, The Cambridge History of Byzantium, ed. Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, New York 2008, s. 583-627.
  • Angold, Michael, “The Venetian Chronicles and Archives as Sources for the History of Byzantium and the Crusades 992-1204, Byzantines and Crusaders in Non Greek Sources 1025-1204, ed. Mark Whitby, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, s. 59-86.
  • Angold, Michael, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204, Cambridge University Press, New York 1997.
  • Anna Komnena, Aleksiad, Malazgirt’in Sonrası, çev. Bilge Umar, İnkılap Kitabevi, İstanbul 1996.
  • Ayönü, Yusuf, “Bizans İmparatoru I. Andronikos Komnenos’un Hayatı ve Devlet Teşkilatını Yeniden Düzenlemeye Yönelik Reformları”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXIX/ 1, İzmir 2014, s. 107-126.
  • Ayönü, Yusuf, Selçuklular ve Bizans, TTK yay., Ankara 2014.
  • Balard, Michel, “Latin Sources and Byzantine Prosopography; Genoa, Venice, Pisa and Barcelona”, Byzantines and Crusaders In Non Greek Sources 1025-1204, ed. Mark Whitby, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, s. 39-59.
  • Brand, Charles M., Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts 1968.
  • Brown, Horatio F., “Venetians and Venetian Quarter in Constantinople to the Close of the Twelf Century”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, XL, Cambridge 1920, s. 68-88.
  • Bryer, Anthony, “Cultural Relations Between East and West in Twelf Century”, Relations Between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. Derek Baker, Chicago 1973, s. 77-95. Cameron, Averil, The Byzantin es, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2006. Carr, John, The Komnene Dynasty, Pen&Sword Military, South Yorkshire 2018.
  • Charanis, Peter, “The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century”, A History of Crusade, ed. K. M. Setton, The University of Wisconsin Press, London 1969, s. 177-220.
  • Cheynet, Jean-Claude, “Some Thoughts on the Relations between Greeks and Latins at the time of the First and Fourth Crusades”, Byzantium and the West; Perception and Reality (11TH 15TH C.), ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis vd., Routledge, New York 2019, s. 84-101.
  • Demirkent, Işın, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, Dünya Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1997.
  • Demirkent, Işın, Bizans Tarihi Yazıları, Dünya Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2005.
  • Devaney, Thomas, “Like an Ember Buried in Ashes: The Byzantine Venetian Conflict of 1119-1126”, Crusades Medieval World in Conflict, ed. Thomas F. Madden vd., Routledge, New York 2016, s. 127-149.
  • Dorin, Roman W., “Adriatic Trade Networks in the Twelf and Early Thirteenth Centuries”, Trade and Markets in Byzantium, ed. Cecile Morrisson, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington 2012, s. 235-281.
  • Frankopan, Peter, “Byzantine Trade Privileges to Venice in the Eleventh Century: The Chrysobull of 1092”, Journal of Medieval History, 30, Southampton 2004, s. 135-160.
  • Freed, John B., Frederick Barbarossa; The Prince and The Myth, Yale University Press, London 2016.
  • Gölgesiz, Sevtap, “XI. Yüzyılda Bizans-Norman İlişkilerine Bakış”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXVIII/1, İzmir 2012, s. 101-118.
  • Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium, Hambledon Continuum, New York 2007.
  • Harvey, Alan, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900-1200, Cambridge University Press, New York 1989.
  • Hendy, Michael F., Studies In The Byzantine Monetary Economy 300-1450, Cambridge University Press, New York 1985.
  • Heyd, William, Yakındoğu Ticaret Tarihi, çev. Enver Ziya Karal, TTK yay., Ankara 2000.
  • Hodgson, F. C., The Early History of Venice; From the Foundation to the Conquest of Constantinople, George Allen, London 1901.
  • Holmes, Catherine, Basil II and the Governance of Empire 976-1025, Oxford University Press, New York 2005.
  • Hussey, Joan M., “Byzantium and the Crusades 1081-1204”, A History of the Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton, The University of Wisconsin Press, London 1969, s. 123-153.
  • Ioannes Kinnamos, Historia, çev. Işın Demirkent, TTK yay., Ankara 2001.
  • Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, Chronicle of Third Crusade, ing. çev. Helen J. Nicholson, Routledge, Brookfield 1197.
  • Jacoby, David, “The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians; the Date and Debate”, Journal of Medieval History, 28, Southampton 2002, s. 199-204.
  • Jacoby, David, “Venetian Commercial Expansion in the Mediterranean 8th-11th Centuries”, Byzantine Trade 4th-12th Centuries, ed. Marlia Mundell Mango, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham 2004, s. 371-393.
  • Johnson, Edgar N., “The Crusades of Friedrich Barbarossa and VI. Henry”, A History of Crusade, II, ed. K. M. Setton, The University of Wisconsin Press, London 1969, s. 87-122.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, I-II, Oxford University Press, New York 1991.
  • Küçüksipahioğlu, “Birsel, Birinci Haçlı Seferinden Fethe Kadar Batılıların İstanbul’u Ele Geçirme Çabaları”, Tarih Dergisi, 66, İstanbul 2017, s. 35-46.
  • Laiou, Angeliki, The Economic History of Byzantium; From Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington 2002.
  • Loud, G. A., The Age of Robert Guiscard; Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest, Routledge, New York 2013.
  • Madden, Thomas F., “The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians; the Date and Debate”, Journal of Medieval History, 28, Southampton 2002, s. 23-41.
  • Madden, Thomas F., Enrico Dandolo & Rise of Venice, The John Hopkins University Press, Maryland 2003.
  • Magdalino, Paul, “The Empire of Komnenoi 1118-1204”, The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, ed. Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, New York 2008, s. 627-663.
  • Magdalino, Paul, Manuel I Komnenos 1143-1180, Cambridge University Press, New York 1993. Martin, M. E., “The Venetians in the Byzantine Empire before 1204”, Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift fur Byzantinistik, 13, Amsterdam 1988, s. 201-214.
  • Morossi, Daniele, Political and Economic Relations Between Venice, Byzantium and Southern Italy 1081-1197, University of Leeds Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, West Yorkshire 2018.
  • Morrisson, Cecile - Angeliki Laiou, Byzantine Economy, Cambridge University Press, New York 2007.
  • Nicol, Donald M., Bizans ve Venedik; Diplomatik ve Kültürel İlişkiler Üzerine, çev. Gül Çağalı Güven, Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
  • Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium; Annals of Niketas Choniates, ing. çev. Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1984.
  • Norwich, John Julius, A History of Venice, Penguin Books, London 2003.
  • Ostrogorsky, Georg, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, çev. Fikret Işıltan, TTK yay., Ankara 2011.
  • Pedani, Maria Pia, Doğu’nun Kapısı Venedik, çev. Gökçen Karaca Şahin, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • Penna, Dafni, The Byzantine Imperial Acts to Venice, Pisa and Genoa 10th-12th Centuries, Eleven International Publishing, Groningen 2012.
  • Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, I-II-III, çev. Fikret Işıltan, TTK yay., Ankara 2019.
  • Stanton, Charles D., Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, The Boydell Press, New York 2011.
  • Stephanson, Paul, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier; A Political Study of the Northern Balkans 900-1204, Cambridge University Press, New York 2000.
  • Tounta, Eleni, “Admiral Eugenius of Sicily (12th century): Court Poetry and Political Propaganda in a cross-cultural Environment”, Byzantium and the West; Perception and Reality (11TH 15TH C.), ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis vd., Routledge, New York 2019, s. 171-183.
  • Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, California 1997.
  • Usta, Aydın, Çıkarların Gölgesinde Haçlı Seferleri, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Van Millingen, Alexander, Byzantine Constantinople; The Walls of the City and Rejoining Historical Sites, John Murray Press, London 1899.
  • Vasiliev, Alexander A., Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi, çev. Tevabil Alkaç, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • Vryonis, Speros, Byzantium and Europe, Thames and Hudson, London 1967.
  • Wiener, Wolfgang Müller, Bizans’tan Osmanlı’ya İstanbul Limanı, çev. Erol Özbek, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1998.

TRADE PRIVILEGES (CHRYSOBULLS) OF BYZANTINE EMPIRE TO VENICE; ERA OF ANGELOS DYNASTY (1185-1204)

Year 2020, Issue: 13, 113 - 134, 31.12.2020

Abstract

Byzantine Empire lost its hegemony due to both the deterioration of its military organization and the destruction of its economy, in the 11th century. Subsequently, as a result of the compression of the Turks in the east and the Normans in the west, Byzantium searched an ally and eventually allied itself with Venice, which had the most important naval power in the Mediterranean. In return, Byzantium granted Venice commercial concessions that no one else had before. These concessions, which worked in the short term, led to the capture of the Byzantine economy by the Venetians, who in the long term could trade in almost all the markets of the empire without paying taxes. Manuel, the last able representative of Komnenos to resist this situation, arrested all the Venetians living in the imperial territory in 1171 and paved the way for a conflict and thus accelerated an economical downfall.
Andronikos I. Komnenos, who took over Manuel's wreckage, made peace with Venice, considering the situation of the empire and made promises that he could not keep in return. The execution of his words was inherited to the Angelos dynasty. The era of the Angelos dynasty that started with Isaacios II. in 1185, passed by fulfilling the promises left by his predecessors and paying off their debts. However the empty treasury led the Angelos to look for other ways. The members of the Dynasty, already known to be quite untalented, tried to save the situation by granting new commercial concessions to Venice. In this article, the privileges granted during the Komnenos period were discussed in order to make the subject more understandable, and then the period of the Angelos dynasty, the main subject, was examined.

References

  • Ağır, Aygül, İstanbul’un Eski Venedik Yerleşimi ve Dönüşümü, İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, İstanbul 2013.
  • Altan, Ebru, “Bizans’a Karşı İlk Haçlı Seferi ve 1108 Devol Anlaşması”, Osmanlı’nın İzinde, Prof. Dr. Mehmet İpşirli Armağanı, I, ed. Feridun Emecen vd., Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2013, s. 107-117.
  • Altan, Ebru, “Venedik’in Haçlı Seferi 1122-1124”, Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Merçil’e Armağan, ed. Aydın Usta vd., Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2013, s. 299-307.
  • Angold, Michael, “Belle epoque or crisis?”, The Cambridge History of Byzantium, ed. Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, New York 2008, s. 583-627.
  • Angold, Michael, “The Venetian Chronicles and Archives as Sources for the History of Byzantium and the Crusades 992-1204, Byzantines and Crusaders in Non Greek Sources 1025-1204, ed. Mark Whitby, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, s. 59-86.
  • Angold, Michael, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204, Cambridge University Press, New York 1997.
  • Anna Komnena, Aleksiad, Malazgirt’in Sonrası, çev. Bilge Umar, İnkılap Kitabevi, İstanbul 1996.
  • Ayönü, Yusuf, “Bizans İmparatoru I. Andronikos Komnenos’un Hayatı ve Devlet Teşkilatını Yeniden Düzenlemeye Yönelik Reformları”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXIX/ 1, İzmir 2014, s. 107-126.
  • Ayönü, Yusuf, Selçuklular ve Bizans, TTK yay., Ankara 2014.
  • Balard, Michel, “Latin Sources and Byzantine Prosopography; Genoa, Venice, Pisa and Barcelona”, Byzantines and Crusaders In Non Greek Sources 1025-1204, ed. Mark Whitby, Oxford University Press, New York 2007, s. 39-59.
  • Brand, Charles M., Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts 1968.
  • Brown, Horatio F., “Venetians and Venetian Quarter in Constantinople to the Close of the Twelf Century”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, XL, Cambridge 1920, s. 68-88.
  • Bryer, Anthony, “Cultural Relations Between East and West in Twelf Century”, Relations Between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. Derek Baker, Chicago 1973, s. 77-95. Cameron, Averil, The Byzantin es, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2006. Carr, John, The Komnene Dynasty, Pen&Sword Military, South Yorkshire 2018.
  • Charanis, Peter, “The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century”, A History of Crusade, ed. K. M. Setton, The University of Wisconsin Press, London 1969, s. 177-220.
  • Cheynet, Jean-Claude, “Some Thoughts on the Relations between Greeks and Latins at the time of the First and Fourth Crusades”, Byzantium and the West; Perception and Reality (11TH 15TH C.), ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis vd., Routledge, New York 2019, s. 84-101.
  • Demirkent, Işın, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, Dünya Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1997.
  • Demirkent, Işın, Bizans Tarihi Yazıları, Dünya Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2005.
  • Devaney, Thomas, “Like an Ember Buried in Ashes: The Byzantine Venetian Conflict of 1119-1126”, Crusades Medieval World in Conflict, ed. Thomas F. Madden vd., Routledge, New York 2016, s. 127-149.
  • Dorin, Roman W., “Adriatic Trade Networks in the Twelf and Early Thirteenth Centuries”, Trade and Markets in Byzantium, ed. Cecile Morrisson, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington 2012, s. 235-281.
  • Frankopan, Peter, “Byzantine Trade Privileges to Venice in the Eleventh Century: The Chrysobull of 1092”, Journal of Medieval History, 30, Southampton 2004, s. 135-160.
  • Freed, John B., Frederick Barbarossa; The Prince and The Myth, Yale University Press, London 2016.
  • Gölgesiz, Sevtap, “XI. Yüzyılda Bizans-Norman İlişkilerine Bakış”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, XXVIII/1, İzmir 2012, s. 101-118.
  • Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium, Hambledon Continuum, New York 2007.
  • Harvey, Alan, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900-1200, Cambridge University Press, New York 1989.
  • Hendy, Michael F., Studies In The Byzantine Monetary Economy 300-1450, Cambridge University Press, New York 1985.
  • Heyd, William, Yakındoğu Ticaret Tarihi, çev. Enver Ziya Karal, TTK yay., Ankara 2000.
  • Hodgson, F. C., The Early History of Venice; From the Foundation to the Conquest of Constantinople, George Allen, London 1901.
  • Holmes, Catherine, Basil II and the Governance of Empire 976-1025, Oxford University Press, New York 2005.
  • Hussey, Joan M., “Byzantium and the Crusades 1081-1204”, A History of the Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton, The University of Wisconsin Press, London 1969, s. 123-153.
  • Ioannes Kinnamos, Historia, çev. Işın Demirkent, TTK yay., Ankara 2001.
  • Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, Chronicle of Third Crusade, ing. çev. Helen J. Nicholson, Routledge, Brookfield 1197.
  • Jacoby, David, “The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians; the Date and Debate”, Journal of Medieval History, 28, Southampton 2002, s. 199-204.
  • Jacoby, David, “Venetian Commercial Expansion in the Mediterranean 8th-11th Centuries”, Byzantine Trade 4th-12th Centuries, ed. Marlia Mundell Mango, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham 2004, s. 371-393.
  • Johnson, Edgar N., “The Crusades of Friedrich Barbarossa and VI. Henry”, A History of Crusade, II, ed. K. M. Setton, The University of Wisconsin Press, London 1969, s. 87-122.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander P., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, I-II, Oxford University Press, New York 1991.
  • Küçüksipahioğlu, “Birsel, Birinci Haçlı Seferinden Fethe Kadar Batılıların İstanbul’u Ele Geçirme Çabaları”, Tarih Dergisi, 66, İstanbul 2017, s. 35-46.
  • Laiou, Angeliki, The Economic History of Byzantium; From Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington 2002.
  • Loud, G. A., The Age of Robert Guiscard; Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest, Routledge, New York 2013.
  • Madden, Thomas F., “The Chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians; the Date and Debate”, Journal of Medieval History, 28, Southampton 2002, s. 23-41.
  • Madden, Thomas F., Enrico Dandolo & Rise of Venice, The John Hopkins University Press, Maryland 2003.
  • Magdalino, Paul, “The Empire of Komnenoi 1118-1204”, The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire, ed. Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, New York 2008, s. 627-663.
  • Magdalino, Paul, Manuel I Komnenos 1143-1180, Cambridge University Press, New York 1993. Martin, M. E., “The Venetians in the Byzantine Empire before 1204”, Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift fur Byzantinistik, 13, Amsterdam 1988, s. 201-214.
  • Morossi, Daniele, Political and Economic Relations Between Venice, Byzantium and Southern Italy 1081-1197, University of Leeds Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, West Yorkshire 2018.
  • Morrisson, Cecile - Angeliki Laiou, Byzantine Economy, Cambridge University Press, New York 2007.
  • Nicol, Donald M., Bizans ve Venedik; Diplomatik ve Kültürel İlişkiler Üzerine, çev. Gül Çağalı Güven, Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
  • Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium; Annals of Niketas Choniates, ing. çev. Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1984.
  • Norwich, John Julius, A History of Venice, Penguin Books, London 2003.
  • Ostrogorsky, Georg, Bizans Devleti Tarihi, çev. Fikret Işıltan, TTK yay., Ankara 2011.
  • Pedani, Maria Pia, Doğu’nun Kapısı Venedik, çev. Gökçen Karaca Şahin, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
  • Penna, Dafni, The Byzantine Imperial Acts to Venice, Pisa and Genoa 10th-12th Centuries, Eleven International Publishing, Groningen 2012.
  • Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, I-II-III, çev. Fikret Işıltan, TTK yay., Ankara 2019.
  • Stanton, Charles D., Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, The Boydell Press, New York 2011.
  • Stephanson, Paul, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier; A Political Study of the Northern Balkans 900-1204, Cambridge University Press, New York 2000.
  • Tounta, Eleni, “Admiral Eugenius of Sicily (12th century): Court Poetry and Political Propaganda in a cross-cultural Environment”, Byzantium and the West; Perception and Reality (11TH 15TH C.), ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis vd., Routledge, New York 2019, s. 171-183.
  • Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, California 1997.
  • Usta, Aydın, Çıkarların Gölgesinde Haçlı Seferleri, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Van Millingen, Alexander, Byzantine Constantinople; The Walls of the City and Rejoining Historical Sites, John Murray Press, London 1899.
  • Vasiliev, Alexander A., Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi, çev. Tevabil Alkaç, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul 2016.
  • Vryonis, Speros, Byzantium and Europe, Thames and Hudson, London 1967.
  • Wiener, Wolfgang Müller, Bizans’tan Osmanlı’ya İstanbul Limanı, çev. Erol Özbek, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1998.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

H. Ömer Özdemir 0000-0002-0521-8987

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Özdemir, H. Ö. (2020). BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204). Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi(13), 113-134.
AMA Özdemir HÖ. BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204). usad. December 2020;(13):113-134.
Chicago Özdemir, H. Ömer. “BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204)”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 13 (December 2020): 113-34.
EndNote Özdemir HÖ (December 1, 2020) BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204). Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 13 113–134.
IEEE H. Ö. Özdemir, “BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204)”, usad, no. 13, pp. 113–134, December 2020.
ISNAD Özdemir, H. Ömer. “BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204)”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 13 (December 2020), 113-134.
JAMA Özdemir HÖ. BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204). usad. 2020;:113–134.
MLA Özdemir, H. Ömer. “BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204)”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 13, 2020, pp. 113-34.
Vancouver Özdemir HÖ. BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN VENEDİK’E VERDİĞİ TİCARÎ İMTİYAZLAR (CHRYSOBULLAR); ANGELOS HANEDANI DEVRİ (1185-1204). usad. 2020(13):113-34.

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