Research Article
DOĞU AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İÇ DİNAMİKLERİN DEMOKRATİK GERİLEME SÜRECİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: POLONYA ÖRNEĞİ
Abstract
Doğu Avrupa’nın önemli ülkelerinden biri olan Polonya, sosyalizmden çok aşamalı bir süreçle geçiş yaparak kayda değer bir demokratikleşme yolculuğu geçirmiştir. Polonya, 1945’ten 1989’a kadar sosyalist yönetim altında barışçıl bir şekilde demokrasiye geçiş yapmıştır. Bu araştırma, Polonya’nın demokratikleşme sürecini etkileyen temel iç dinamikleri incelemeye odaklanmaktadır. Bu dinamikler arasında siyasi partilerin ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarının rolleri de yer almakta olup, bunlardan bazıları demokratikleşme sürecini olumlu yönde etkilerken, bazıları da bu sürece meydan okumuştur. Bu çalışmanın kritik bir yönü, 2015 yılında seçilen popülist bir hükümetin, Polonya’nın sosyalizmden ayrılmasından bu yana inşa ettiği demokrasinin temellerini nasıl zayıflatabileceğinin incelenmesidir. Bu senaryo, demokratik sistemlerin kırılganlığının altını çizmekte ve demokratik süreci güçlendirebilecek ya da zayıflatabilecek çeşitli iç faktörleri anlamanın önemini vurgulamaktadır.
Keywords
References
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- • Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel (2016), “Protest and Participation in Post-Transformation Poland: The Case of the Committee for the Defense of Democracy (KOD)”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 49, No: 3, pp. 255-267.
- • Liszkowska, Dominika (2019), “Effectiveness of Poland’s Membership in the European Union in the Light of Liberal Intergovernmental Approach”, Doctoral Thesis, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
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- • Modrzejewski Arkadiusz (2017), “Catholic and Nationalist Populism in the Current Poland”, Perspective Politice, Vol. 10, No: 1, pp. 21-32.
- • Müller, Jan-Werner (2019), Popülizm Nedir? (Trans. Onur Yıldız), İstanbul: İletişim Publications.
- • O’Donnell, Guillermo & Schmitter, Philippe C. (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- • Ostrogniew, Jarosław (2015), “The Polish Parliamentary Elections of 2015”, Jarosław Ostrogniew, "The Polish Parliamentary Elections of 2015" | Counter-Currents, Date of Accession: 28.01.2024 from https://counter-currents.com/2015/10/the-polish-parliamentary-elections-of-2015/.
- • Ozan, Hakan (2018), “Seçimsel Otoriteryanizm Bağlamında Polonya’daki Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi (PiS)’nin Bir İncelemesi”, International Social Sciences Studies Journal, Vol. 4, No: 24, pp. 4994-5001.
- • Schmitz, Hans Peter, (2004), “Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization”, International Studies Review, Vol. 6, No: 3, pp. 403-426.
- • Shin, Chull Doh & Tusalem, Rollin F. (2007), “The Cultural and Institutional Dynamics of Global Democratization”, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, No: 1, pp. 1-28.
- • Surwillo, Izabela & Henderson, Karen & Gabriella, Lazaridis (2010), “Between Euroscepticism and Eurosupport: the Attitudes of Urban and Rural Populations in Poland 2000 – 2008”, Europa-Asia Studies, Vol. 62, No: 8, pp. 1503-1525.
- • Szczerbiak, Aleks (2002), “Poland’s Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Elections”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 18, No: 3, pp. 41-76.
- • Szczerbiak Aleks (2006), ‘Social Poland’ Defeats ‘Liberal Poland’? The September-October 2005 Polish Parliamentary and Presidential Elections, Brighton: Sussex European Institute.
- • Szczerbiak Aleks (2013), “Poland (Mainly) Chooses Stability and Continuity: The October 2011 Polish Parliamentary Election”, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 14, No: 4, pp. 480-504.
- • Tanör, Bülent (1997), Türkiye’de Demokratikleşme Perspektifleri, İstanbul: TÜSİAD.
- • Wojciech, Przybylski (2018), “Can Poland‟s Backsliding Be Stopped?”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 29, No: 3, pp. 52-64.
- • Wojciech, Sadurski (2018), “Polish Constitutional Tribunal Under PiS: From an Activist Court, to a Paralysed Tribunal, to a Governmental Enabler”, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, Vol. 11, No: 2, pp. 1-22.
- • Zuba, Krzysztof (2009), “Through the Looking Glass: the Attitudes of Polish Political Parties Towards the EU Before and After Accession”, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, No: 3.
THE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL DYNAMICS ON THE DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING PROCESS IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF POLAND
Abstract
Poland, a significant country in Eastern Europe, has traversed a notable journey of democratization, transitioning from socialism in a multi-phased process. Under socialist rule from 1945 to 1989, Poland transitioned peacefully to democracy. This research explores the key internal dynamics that have influenced Poland’s path to democratization. These dynamics include the roles of political parties and civil society organizations, some of which have positively impacted the democratization process, while others have posed challenges. A critical aspect of this study is examining how a populist government, elected in 2015, could potentially undermine the foundations of democracy that Poland had been building since its departure from socialism. This scenario underscores the fragility of democratic systems and highlights the importance of understanding the various internal factors that can either strengthen or weaken the democratic process.
Keywords
References
- • Antoszewski, Andrzej (2010), Parties and Party Systems in the EU Member States at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries, Wrocław: Instytut Politologii Wydziału Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
- • Asyalı, Abdulaziz (2019), “Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinin Sosyalizmden Kopuşu ve Demokratikleşme Süreci: Polonya Örneği”, Master’s Thesis, Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mardin, Türkiye.
- • BBC Türkçe (2021), “Polonya'da kürtaj yasağı protestoları üçüncü gününde”, 28.01.2021, Date of Accession: 29.01.2024 from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55839716.
- • Demirkan, Tarık (2018), “AB Komisyonu Polonya'yı Avrupa Adalet Divanı'na şikayet etti: 'Yargı bağımsızlığı ihlal ediliyor'”, BBC Türkçe, 24.09.2018, Date of Accession: 29.01.2024 from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-45628347.
- • Gevrek, Mert (2020), “Avrupa’da Artan Popülizm: Macaristan ve Polonya Örnekleri̇”, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üni̇versitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Niğde, Türkiye.
- • Heywood, Andrew (2007), Siyasi İdeolojiler (Trans. Ahmet Kemal Bayram et al.), Ankara: Adres Publications.
- • Jasiewicz, Krzysztof (2000), “Dead Ends and New Beginnings: the Quest for a Procedural Republic of Poland”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 33, No: 1, pp. 101-122.
- • Jaskiernia, Jerzy (2017), “The Development of the Polish Party System: A Perspective of the Parliamentary Elections Results”, Polish Political Science Yearbook, Vol. 46, No: 2, pp. 227-246.
- • Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel (2016), “Protest and Participation in Post-Transformation Poland: The Case of the Committee for the Defense of Democracy (KOD)”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 49, No: 3, pp. 255-267.
- • Liszkowska, Dominika (2019), “Effectiveness of Poland’s Membership in the European Union in the Light of Liberal Intergovernmental Approach”, Doctoral Thesis, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
- • Millard, Frances (2002), “The Parliamentary Elections in Poland, September 2001”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 22, No: 2, pp. 367-374.
- • Modrzejewski Arkadiusz (2017), “Catholic and Nationalist Populism in the Current Poland”, Perspective Politice, Vol. 10, No: 1, pp. 21-32.
- • Müller, Jan-Werner (2019), Popülizm Nedir? (Trans. Onur Yıldız), İstanbul: İletişim Publications.
- • O’Donnell, Guillermo & Schmitter, Philippe C. (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- • Ostrogniew, Jarosław (2015), “The Polish Parliamentary Elections of 2015”, Jarosław Ostrogniew, "The Polish Parliamentary Elections of 2015" | Counter-Currents, Date of Accession: 28.01.2024 from https://counter-currents.com/2015/10/the-polish-parliamentary-elections-of-2015/.
- • Ozan, Hakan (2018), “Seçimsel Otoriteryanizm Bağlamında Polonya’daki Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi (PiS)’nin Bir İncelemesi”, International Social Sciences Studies Journal, Vol. 4, No: 24, pp. 4994-5001.
- • Schmitz, Hans Peter, (2004), “Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization”, International Studies Review, Vol. 6, No: 3, pp. 403-426.
- • Shin, Chull Doh & Tusalem, Rollin F. (2007), “The Cultural and Institutional Dynamics of Global Democratization”, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, No: 1, pp. 1-28.
- • Surwillo, Izabela & Henderson, Karen & Gabriella, Lazaridis (2010), “Between Euroscepticism and Eurosupport: the Attitudes of Urban and Rural Populations in Poland 2000 – 2008”, Europa-Asia Studies, Vol. 62, No: 8, pp. 1503-1525.
- • Szczerbiak, Aleks (2002), “Poland’s Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Elections”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 18, No: 3, pp. 41-76.
- • Szczerbiak Aleks (2006), ‘Social Poland’ Defeats ‘Liberal Poland’? The September-October 2005 Polish Parliamentary and Presidential Elections, Brighton: Sussex European Institute.
- • Szczerbiak Aleks (2013), “Poland (Mainly) Chooses Stability and Continuity: The October 2011 Polish Parliamentary Election”, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 14, No: 4, pp. 480-504.
- • Tanör, Bülent (1997), Türkiye’de Demokratikleşme Perspektifleri, İstanbul: TÜSİAD.
- • Wojciech, Przybylski (2018), “Can Poland‟s Backsliding Be Stopped?”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 29, No: 3, pp. 52-64.
- • Wojciech, Sadurski (2018), “Polish Constitutional Tribunal Under PiS: From an Activist Court, to a Paralysed Tribunal, to a Governmental Enabler”, Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, Vol. 11, No: 2, pp. 1-22.
- • Zuba, Krzysztof (2009), “Through the Looking Glass: the Attitudes of Polish Political Parties Towards the EU Before and After Accession”, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, No: 3.
There are 26 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | European and Region Studies, Political Science (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 2, 2024 |
| Submission Date | February 2, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | February 17, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
