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Nijer'de Eğitim Sistemi, Kültür ve Kimlik: Sosyolojik ve Tarihsel bir Bakış

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 16 - 38, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.934858

Abstract

Bu araştırma Nijer'in eğitim sistemi ile kültür ve kimliğinin inşası arasındaki mevcut ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu makalede, sömürgecilik döneminden günümüze kadar Nijer’in siyasî tarihine odaklanılmıştır. Nitekim geçmişte yaşanan çeşitli gelişmeler Nijer’in siyasi tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bununla birlikte yaşanan gelişmelerinin ardında Nijer’de yönetim biçimi demokratik sürece doğru geçişi tecrübe etmektedir. Nijer’in bağımsızlığı dâhil olmak üzere, istikrarın olmadığı dönemlerde iktidar tarafından uygulamaya konulan eğitim ve kamu politikalarının kültürel hayat ve kimlik üzerindeki etkileri tartışmaya açıktır. Genel olarak, Nijer’in toplumsal gerçekliği ve kültürel dokusu dikkate alınarak, yeni bir eğitim sistemi müfredatı uygulamaya konulmuş olmakla birlikte, birçok eksikliğin varlığı da göze çarpmaktadır. Dolaysıyla, bağımsız bir ülke olmasına rağmen, başta Fransa olmak üzere dış devletler tarafından Nijer’in iç politikasına yapılan yoğun müdahalelerden dolayı ülkenin eğitim standartları hedeflenenden daha aşağı seviyededir.

Supporting Institution

Hiç bir kurumdan destek almadık

Thanks

Bu makaleyi Fransızcadan Türkçeye çevirirken bana yardımmcı olan Mahamane Moutari Aboubacar Issa’ya teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

References

  • Althusser, L. (1970). Ideologie et Appareils Ideologiques d’Etat. Paris: Les Editions sociales. Retrieved from http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/althusser louis/ideologie et AIE/ideologie et AIE.pdf.
  • Arlı, A. (2004). Oryantalizm, Oksidentalizm ve Şerif Mardin. İstanbul: K¨ure Yayınları.
  • Beidou, H. (2014). Dynamiques linguistiques au Niger : Cohabitation et/ou concurrence entre le francais et les langues locales. Th`ese presentee comme exigence partielle du doctorat conjoint en communication. Universite du Quebeca Montreal. Retrieved from https://archipel.uqam.ca/6432/1/D2694.pdf.
  • Boahen, A. (Ed.), (1987). Comite Scientifique International Pour la Redaction d’une Histoire Generale de l’Afrique, Histoire Generale de l’Afrique VII : l’Afrique Sous Domination Coloniale. 1880-1935. Paris: Editions UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184322.
  • Butt, D. (2013). Colonialism and Postcolonialism. H. LaFollette (Ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Blacwell, 892-898.
  • Cesaire, A. (1955). Discours Sur le Colonialisme. Paris: Editions Presence Africaine.
  • CIEP (2014). Synthese de la conference internationale. Reussir l’education en Afrique : l’enjeu des langues. S`evres du 27-28 Mars 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://elan-afrique.org/sites/default/files/fichiers-attaches/reussir-leducation-en-afrique-lenjeude-langues-du-colloque-de-mars-2014.pdf.
  • Danda, M. (2004). Politique de Decentralisation, Developpement Regional et Identites Locales au Niger : Le Cas de Damagaram. Th`ese De Doctorat, Universite Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/47874081.pdf.
  • Dupraz, Y. (2015). French and British colonial legacies in education: a natural experiment in Cameroon. The Journal of Economic History, 79 (3), 628-668. 10.1017/S0022050719000299.
  • Durkheim, E. (1902). Leducation morale. Cours de sociologie dispense `a Sorbonne. Retrieved December from http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Durkheim emile/education morale/education morale.pdf.
  • Fanon, F. (1952). Peau Noire Masques Blancs. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Gerard, C. et al. (2004). Les enseignants contractuels et la qualite de l’enseignement de base au Niger : quel bilan. Dakar. CONFEMEN. Retrieved from : www.pasec.confemen.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/23-Niger.pdf.
  • Hassane, M., Doka, M., Makama Bawa, O., (2006). Etude sur les pratiques de l’Islam au Niger. Rapport provisoire, Bureau de cooperation danoise, Niger. Retrieved from : https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/read/30079014/etude-sur-les-pratiques-de-lislam-au-niiger.
  • Hüseyin, A. (2006). Batı’nın İslamla Kavgası, Seyyahlar ve Casusluk. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Kaçmazoğlu, B. (2013). Ziya Gökalp ve Prens Sabahattin. Türk Sosyologları. M. Ç. Özdemir (Ed.). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, 2-21.
  • Kahraman, H. (2002). İçselleştirilmiş açık ve gizli oryantalizm, Do˘gu-Batı Dergisi, 5 (20), 153-178.
  • Kalın, İ. (2007). İslam ve Batı, Avrupa Kolonyalizmi, Seyyahlar ve Oryantalizm. İstanbul: İslam Yayınları.
  • Kimba, I., vd. (2008). Armee et politique au Niger. Dakar : CODESRIA.
  • Ki-Zerbo, J., vd. (1997). Histoire Generale de l’Afrique, vol 1. Methodologie et Prehistoire Africaine. Paris : Editions UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184341.
  • La Banque Mondiale et al. (2004). ADEA, l’Internationale de l’Education et le Minist`ere de l’Education Nationale de Mali. Conference sur les Enseignants Non-Fonctionnaires 21 au 23 novembre 2004, Bamako, Mali. Document de Contribution du Niger.
  • Labrune-Badiane, C. vd. (2012). L’ecole en situation postcoloniale. Cahiers Afrique n0 27. Paris: L’harmattan.
  • Le Coadic, R., Elena, F. vd. (2005). Debats sur l’identite et le multiculturalisme, Moscou, Institut d’ethnologie et d’anthropologie, Academie des sciences de Russie. 25-51. Retrieved March 20, 2021 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45111383.
  • Leonardo, V. A. et al. (2012). Religion, demande sociale et reformes educatives au Niger. Quand l’Etat redynamise l’ecole franco-arabe, reorganise les ecoles Islamiyya, et essaie de capturer les ecoles coraniques. Retrieved January 15, 2020 from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08aa3e5274a31e00006d8/appp-researchreport-06-avril-2012.pdf,
  • Meunier, O. (2000). Bilan d’un si`ecle de Politiques Educatives au Niger. Paris: L’harmattan.
  • Meunier, O. (2008). De la Democratisation de la Societe `a Celle des Formes de Connaissance. Vers une Ouverture de la Forme Scolaire aux Savoirs Culturels?, Paris: L’harmattan.
  • Moumouni, A. (1964). L’education en Afrique. Nouvelle edition `a Partir du texte de 1964 Realisee sous la Direction de Frederic Caille, Quebec: Editions Science et Bien Commun.
  • Moussa, S. (2002). Orientalisme et colonialisme: Une reevaluation (Denon, Gautier, Lamartine). Revuedes Lettres et de Traduction, (8), 91-104.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. (2004). Pour un syst`eme educatif adapte au developpement de l’Afrique – quelques considerations epistemologiques. Africa Development, 24 (1), 161-184.
  • PASEC, (2016). Performances du syst`eme educatif nigerien : Competences et facteurs de reussite au primaire. PASEC, CONFEMEN, Dakar. Retrieved from http://www.pasec.confemen.org/publication/pasec2014-performances-systeme-educatifnigeriencompetences-facteurs-de-reussite-primaire/.
  • Parekh, B. (2002). Çokkültürlülüğü Yeniden Düşünmek, Kültürel Çeşitlilik ve Siyasi Teori. B. Tanrıseven(Çev.). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Pourtier, R. (2010). L’education, enjeu majeur de l’Afrique post-independances. Cinquante ans d’enseignement en Afrique: Un bilan en demi-teinte. Afrique Contemporaine, 3(235). 101-114. 10.3917/afco.235.0101.
  • RGP/H, (2012). Rapport sur l’alphabetisation, le niveau d’instruction et la frequentation scolaire.
  • Institut national de la statistique, Niamey/Niger. Retrieved from https://www.stat-niger.org/wpcontent/ uploads/2020/05/EDUCATION.pdf.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. London: Penguin
  • Said, E. (1995). L’Orientalisme : L’Orient cree par l’Occident. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Said, E. (2004). Şarkiyatçılık, İmgesel Co˘grafya ve Temsil Biçimleri: Şark’ın Şarklılaştırılması. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Şimşek, A. (2013). Türkiye’de tarih ders kitaplarında avrupamerkezcilik, İnsan & Toplum Dergisi, 3(6), 193-215. 10.12658/human.society.3.6.M0079.
  • Walravan, K. (2014). Operation Somme : La French Connection et le Coup d’Etat de Seyni Kountche au Niger en Avril 1974, Editions Karthala, traduction Alice Judell, 2 (134). 133-154. 10.3917/Polaf. 134.0133.
  • Zaki, M. (2017). Regime semi presidentiel et separation des pouvoirs : Retour sur un appariement classique `a la lumi`ere de l’experience constitutionnelle du Niger. Universite Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal, Afrilex. Retrieved March 11, 2021 from http://afrilex.u-bordeaux.fr/regimesemi-presidentiel-et-separation-des-pouvoirs-retour-sur-un-appariement-classique-a-la-lumierede-lexperience-constitutionnelle-du-niger/.
  • https://countrymeters.info/en/Niger. Erişim Tarihi: 22-12-2020.
  • http://lactualite-niger.com/. Erişim Tarihi: 12-4-2019.
  • http://lactualite-niger.com/. Erişim Tarihi: 12-4-2019.
  • https://www.google.com. Erişim Tarihi: 20-12-2020.
  • http://www.men.ne/RLR/textes/40-0.html. Erişim Tarihi: 25-12-2020.
  • https://www.turkiye-rehberi.net/nijer-haritasi.asp. Erişim Tarihi : 12/01/2022.
  • www.worldometers.info/policy. Erişim Tarihi: 20-12-2020.
  • www.worldometers.info/policy. Erişim Tarihi: 20-12-2020.
  • Worldpopulationreview.com. Erişim Tarihi: 24-12-2020.

Education System, Culture and Identity in Niger: A Sociological and Historical Perspective

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 16 - 38, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.934858

Abstract

This study aims to understand the current relationship between the education system of Niger and the construction of its culture and identity. Therefore, this study aims to focus on the political history of Niger from the colonial times to the present. As a matter of fact, various developments in the past have important places in the political history of Niger. However, regardless of the experienced developments, the country still entered the democratic process. More precisely, the research focuses on the education and public policies implemented by the relevant political power, which occurred consecutively during its precarious period, including the independence of the country. Also, it will be discussed whether the education policies implemented have impacts on the culture and identity of Niger. Overall, it is observed that, despite the attempts to implement the curriculum of a new education system based on the country’s respective competencies, realities and culture, many shortcomings still exist. Therefore, despite being an independent country, the education level of the country remained under the determined goal due to the intense interventions made by foreign powers, especially France, in the domestic policy of Niger.

References

  • Althusser, L. (1970). Ideologie et Appareils Ideologiques d’Etat. Paris: Les Editions sociales. Retrieved from http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/althusser louis/ideologie et AIE/ideologie et AIE.pdf.
  • Arlı, A. (2004). Oryantalizm, Oksidentalizm ve Şerif Mardin. İstanbul: K¨ure Yayınları.
  • Beidou, H. (2014). Dynamiques linguistiques au Niger : Cohabitation et/ou concurrence entre le francais et les langues locales. Th`ese presentee comme exigence partielle du doctorat conjoint en communication. Universite du Quebeca Montreal. Retrieved from https://archipel.uqam.ca/6432/1/D2694.pdf.
  • Boahen, A. (Ed.), (1987). Comite Scientifique International Pour la Redaction d’une Histoire Generale de l’Afrique, Histoire Generale de l’Afrique VII : l’Afrique Sous Domination Coloniale. 1880-1935. Paris: Editions UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184322.
  • Butt, D. (2013). Colonialism and Postcolonialism. H. LaFollette (Ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Blacwell, 892-898.
  • Cesaire, A. (1955). Discours Sur le Colonialisme. Paris: Editions Presence Africaine.
  • CIEP (2014). Synthese de la conference internationale. Reussir l’education en Afrique : l’enjeu des langues. S`evres du 27-28 Mars 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://elan-afrique.org/sites/default/files/fichiers-attaches/reussir-leducation-en-afrique-lenjeude-langues-du-colloque-de-mars-2014.pdf.
  • Danda, M. (2004). Politique de Decentralisation, Developpement Regional et Identites Locales au Niger : Le Cas de Damagaram. Th`ese De Doctorat, Universite Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/47874081.pdf.
  • Dupraz, Y. (2015). French and British colonial legacies in education: a natural experiment in Cameroon. The Journal of Economic History, 79 (3), 628-668. 10.1017/S0022050719000299.
  • Durkheim, E. (1902). Leducation morale. Cours de sociologie dispense `a Sorbonne. Retrieved December from http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Durkheim emile/education morale/education morale.pdf.
  • Fanon, F. (1952). Peau Noire Masques Blancs. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Gerard, C. et al. (2004). Les enseignants contractuels et la qualite de l’enseignement de base au Niger : quel bilan. Dakar. CONFEMEN. Retrieved from : www.pasec.confemen.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/07/23-Niger.pdf.
  • Hassane, M., Doka, M., Makama Bawa, O., (2006). Etude sur les pratiques de l’Islam au Niger. Rapport provisoire, Bureau de cooperation danoise, Niger. Retrieved from : https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/read/30079014/etude-sur-les-pratiques-de-lislam-au-niiger.
  • Hüseyin, A. (2006). Batı’nın İslamla Kavgası, Seyyahlar ve Casusluk. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Kaçmazoğlu, B. (2013). Ziya Gökalp ve Prens Sabahattin. Türk Sosyologları. M. Ç. Özdemir (Ed.). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını, 2-21.
  • Kahraman, H. (2002). İçselleştirilmiş açık ve gizli oryantalizm, Do˘gu-Batı Dergisi, 5 (20), 153-178.
  • Kalın, İ. (2007). İslam ve Batı, Avrupa Kolonyalizmi, Seyyahlar ve Oryantalizm. İstanbul: İslam Yayınları.
  • Kimba, I., vd. (2008). Armee et politique au Niger. Dakar : CODESRIA.
  • Ki-Zerbo, J., vd. (1997). Histoire Generale de l’Afrique, vol 1. Methodologie et Prehistoire Africaine. Paris : Editions UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184341.
  • La Banque Mondiale et al. (2004). ADEA, l’Internationale de l’Education et le Minist`ere de l’Education Nationale de Mali. Conference sur les Enseignants Non-Fonctionnaires 21 au 23 novembre 2004, Bamako, Mali. Document de Contribution du Niger.
  • Labrune-Badiane, C. vd. (2012). L’ecole en situation postcoloniale. Cahiers Afrique n0 27. Paris: L’harmattan.
  • Le Coadic, R., Elena, F. vd. (2005). Debats sur l’identite et le multiculturalisme, Moscou, Institut d’ethnologie et d’anthropologie, Academie des sciences de Russie. 25-51. Retrieved March 20, 2021 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45111383.
  • Leonardo, V. A. et al. (2012). Religion, demande sociale et reformes educatives au Niger. Quand l’Etat redynamise l’ecole franco-arabe, reorganise les ecoles Islamiyya, et essaie de capturer les ecoles coraniques. Retrieved January 15, 2020 from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08aa3e5274a31e00006d8/appp-researchreport-06-avril-2012.pdf,
  • Meunier, O. (2000). Bilan d’un si`ecle de Politiques Educatives au Niger. Paris: L’harmattan.
  • Meunier, O. (2008). De la Democratisation de la Societe `a Celle des Formes de Connaissance. Vers une Ouverture de la Forme Scolaire aux Savoirs Culturels?, Paris: L’harmattan.
  • Moumouni, A. (1964). L’education en Afrique. Nouvelle edition `a Partir du texte de 1964 Realisee sous la Direction de Frederic Caille, Quebec: Editions Science et Bien Commun.
  • Moussa, S. (2002). Orientalisme et colonialisme: Une reevaluation (Denon, Gautier, Lamartine). Revuedes Lettres et de Traduction, (8), 91-104.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. (2004). Pour un syst`eme educatif adapte au developpement de l’Afrique – quelques considerations epistemologiques. Africa Development, 24 (1), 161-184.
  • PASEC, (2016). Performances du syst`eme educatif nigerien : Competences et facteurs de reussite au primaire. PASEC, CONFEMEN, Dakar. Retrieved from http://www.pasec.confemen.org/publication/pasec2014-performances-systeme-educatifnigeriencompetences-facteurs-de-reussite-primaire/.
  • Parekh, B. (2002). Çokkültürlülüğü Yeniden Düşünmek, Kültürel Çeşitlilik ve Siyasi Teori. B. Tanrıseven(Çev.). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Pourtier, R. (2010). L’education, enjeu majeur de l’Afrique post-independances. Cinquante ans d’enseignement en Afrique: Un bilan en demi-teinte. Afrique Contemporaine, 3(235). 101-114. 10.3917/afco.235.0101.
  • RGP/H, (2012). Rapport sur l’alphabetisation, le niveau d’instruction et la frequentation scolaire.
  • Institut national de la statistique, Niamey/Niger. Retrieved from https://www.stat-niger.org/wpcontent/ uploads/2020/05/EDUCATION.pdf.
  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. London: Penguin
  • Said, E. (1995). L’Orientalisme : L’Orient cree par l’Occident. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
  • Said, E. (2004). Şarkiyatçılık, İmgesel Co˘grafya ve Temsil Biçimleri: Şark’ın Şarklılaştırılması. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Şimşek, A. (2013). Türkiye’de tarih ders kitaplarında avrupamerkezcilik, İnsan & Toplum Dergisi, 3(6), 193-215. 10.12658/human.society.3.6.M0079.
  • Walravan, K. (2014). Operation Somme : La French Connection et le Coup d’Etat de Seyni Kountche au Niger en Avril 1974, Editions Karthala, traduction Alice Judell, 2 (134). 133-154. 10.3917/Polaf. 134.0133.
  • Zaki, M. (2017). Regime semi presidentiel et separation des pouvoirs : Retour sur un appariement classique `a la lumi`ere de l’experience constitutionnelle du Niger. Universite Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal, Afrilex. Retrieved March 11, 2021 from http://afrilex.u-bordeaux.fr/regimesemi-presidentiel-et-separation-des-pouvoirs-retour-sur-un-appariement-classique-a-la-lumierede-lexperience-constitutionnelle-du-niger/.
  • https://countrymeters.info/en/Niger. Erişim Tarihi: 22-12-2020.
  • http://lactualite-niger.com/. Erişim Tarihi: 12-4-2019.
  • http://lactualite-niger.com/. Erişim Tarihi: 12-4-2019.
  • https://www.google.com. Erişim Tarihi: 20-12-2020.
  • http://www.men.ne/RLR/textes/40-0.html. Erişim Tarihi: 25-12-2020.
  • https://www.turkiye-rehberi.net/nijer-haritasi.asp. Erişim Tarihi : 12/01/2022.
  • www.worldometers.info/policy. Erişim Tarihi: 20-12-2020.
  • www.worldometers.info/policy. Erişim Tarihi: 20-12-2020.
  • Worldpopulationreview.com. Erişim Tarihi: 24-12-2020.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elhadji Bachir Sanı Hamet 0000-0002-8504-113X

Publication Date April 30, 2022
Acceptance Date February 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sanı Hamet, E. B. (2022). Nijer’de Eğitim Sistemi, Kültür ve Kimlik: Sosyolojik ve Tarihsel bir Bakış. Universal Journal of History and Culture, 4(1), 16-38. https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.934858
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