Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

KONUŞUL(A)MAYANI ANLATMAK: TRAVMA TEORİSİ VE EDEBİYAT

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 27, 115 - 138, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1242569

Abstract

İçinde bulunduğumuz ve bir önceki yüzyıl deneyimlerini en iyi tanımlayan terimlerden biri kuşkusuz travmadır. Yirminci yüzyıl modern savaş anlayışının yarattığı yıkımlara koşut olarak insan psikolojisindeki hasarlarla gündeme gelen travma terimi, 1980 yılında Amerikan Psikiyatri Derneği tarafından resmi olarak tanınır. Ardından doksanlı yıllarda Cathy Caruth, Shoshana Felman ve Dominick LaCapra gibi teorisyenlerin çalışmalarıyla travma olgusu edebiyat, psikoloji ve tarih alanlarında yeni bir odak noktası haline gelir. Freud’dan Caruth’a travmanın doğrudan deneyimlenemez, dolayısıyla anlatılamaz olduğu savı, diğer yandan iyileşme için ihtiyaç duyduğu anlatılma zorunluluğu, ilk kuşak travma teorisinin merkezindeki gerilimi belirler. Ancak yirmibirinci yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Ruth Leys, Steff Craps, Michelle Balaev gibi çağdaş teorisyenler Caruth ve diğerlerinin travma tanımlamasına eleştiriler getirirler. İçinde barındırdığı çeşitlilik ve farklılıklardan dolayı çoğulcu model olarak bilinen çağdaş travma teorileri travmanın konuşulamaz olduğu savını reddederken geleneksel travma teorisinin Batı merkezci olduğunu savunur. Bu nedenle daha kapsayıcı ve çok kültürlü travma modelleri sunarlar. Gerçek hayatta konuşulamayanı dile getirme, hayal edilemeyeni hayal etme gibi sınırlara meydan okuma gücüyle edebiyat, travma teorilerinin de en uğrak noktası olur. Hem Caruth’un öncülüğündeki geleneksel travma teorisi hem de çoğulcu model sıkça edebiyata başvurur. Söz konusu etkileşimden hareketle bu çalışmanın amacı, travmanın geçmişten günümüze uzanan tarihsel seyrini kısa bir tartışmanın ardından, geleneksel ve çağdaş travma teorileri ışığında travma ve edebiyat ilişkisini ele almaktır.

References

  • ADORNO, Theodor W. (1981), “Cultural Criticism and Society”, Çev. Samuel ve Shierry WEBER, Prisms, MIT Press, Cambridge, 17-34.
  • ADORNO, Theodor W. (2002), “Commitment”, Çev. Francis MCDONAGH, Aesthetics and Politics: The Key Texts of the Classic Debate within German Marxism, Verso, London, 177-195.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3. bs.), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
  • BALAEV, Michelle (2008), “Trends in Literary Trauma Theory”, Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, 41.2, 149-166.
  • BALAEV, Michelle (2014), “Literary Trauma Theory Reconsidered”, Contemporary Approaches in Literary Trauma Theory, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1-14.
  • STAMPFL, Barry (2014), “Parsing the Unspeakable in the Context of Trauma”, Ed. Michelle BALAEV, Contemporary Approaches in Trauma Theory, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 15-41.
  • BARTHES, Roland (1983), Barthes: Selected Writings, Ed. Susan SONTAG, HarperCollins, London.
  • BOND, Edward (1998), Plays: 6: War plays, Choruses from after the Assassinations, Methuen, London.
  • BREUER, Joseph ve FREUD, Sigmund (2001), Studies in Hysteria, Çev. James STRACHEY, Hogarth Press, London.
  • BROWN, Laura S. (2008), Cultural Competence in Trauma Therapy: Beyond the Flashback, Washington, APA.
  • CARUTH, Cathy (1995), Trauma: Explorations in Memory, JHU Press, Baltimore.
  • CARUTH, Cathy (1996), Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History, JHU Press, Baltimore.
  • CARUTH, Cathy ve HARTMAN, Geoffrey (1996), “An Interview with Geoffrey Hartman”, Studies in Romanticism, 35.4, 630-652.
  • CRAPS, Stef (2014), “Beyond Eurocentrism: Trauma Theory in the Global Age”, Ed. Gert BUELENS, Sam DURRANT ve Robert EAGLESTONE, The Future of Trauma Theory: Contemporary Literary and Cultural Criticism, Routledge, New York, 45-62.
  • CRAPS, Stef ve Buelens, Gert (2008), “Introduction: Postcolonial Trauma Novels”, Studies in the Novel, 40.1/2, 1-12.
  • FELMAN, Shoshana (1992), “Camus’ The Plague, or a Monument to Witnessing”, Ed. Shoshana FELMAN ve Dori LAUB, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, Routledge, New York, 93-119.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1939), Moses and Monotheism, Çev. Katherine JONES, Garden City Press, Letchworth.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1959), “An Autobiographical Study” (1925), Çev. James STRACHEY, Standard Edition, Vol. 20, Hogarth Press, London.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1962), “Remembering, Repeating and Working-through”, Ed. James STRACHEY ve Anna FREUD, Standart Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Cilt 12, Hogarth Press, London, 145-156.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1966), “Project for a Scientific Psychology”, Ed. James STRACHEY, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume I (1886-1899): Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts, Hogarth Press, London, 281-391.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (2012), Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde, Çev. Emir AKTAN, Alter Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • GRANOFSKY, Ronald (1995), The Trauma Novel: Contemporary Symbolic Depictions of Collective Disaster, Peter Lang, New York.
  • HARTMAN, Geoffrey (1995), “On traumatic Knowledge and Literary Studies”, New Literary History, 26.3, 537-563.
  • HERMAN, Judith (1997), Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, Basic Books, New York.
  • JANET, Pierre (1977), The Mental State of Hystericals, University Publications of America, Washington, DC.
  • KAPLAN, E. Ann (2005), Trauma Culture: The Politics of Terror and Loss in Media and Literature, Rutgers University Press, London.
  • LACAPRA, Dominick (2001), Writing History, Writing Trauma, JHU Press, Baltimore.
  • LAQUEUR, Thomas (2010), “We are All Victims Now”, London Review of Books, 32.13, Erişim Adresi: https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n13/thomas-laqueur/we-are-all-victims-now.
  • LAUB, Dori (1992), “Bearing Witness, or the Vicissitudes of Listening”, Ed. Shoshana FELMAN ve Dori LAUB, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, Routledge, New York, 57-74.
  • LEVI, Primo (2015), Boğulanlar ve Kurtulanlar, Çev. Kemal ATAKAY, Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • LEYS, Ruth (2000), Trauma: A Genealogy, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • LUCKHURST, Roger (2008), The Trauma Question, New York: Routledge.
  • MBEMBE, A. (2010), “The Colony: Its Guilty Secret and Its Accursed Share”, Ed. Elleke BOEHMER ve Stephen MORTON, Terror and the Postcolonial, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, 27–54.
  • MCNALLY, Richard J. (2003), Remembering Trauma, Belknap Press, Cambridge.
  • MICALE, Mark S. (2001), “Jean-Martin Charcot and Les Nevroses Traumatiques”, Ed. Mark S. MICALE ve Pauld LERNER, Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 115-139. MYERS, Charles S. (1940), Shell Shock in France, 1914-1918: Based on a War Diary, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • OWEN, Wilfred (1963), The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen, Chatta & Windus, New York.
  • Oxford English Dictionary Online, Erişim adresi: http://0-www.oed.com.wam. leeds.ac.uk/view/Entry/205242?redirectedFrom=trauma
  • SASSOON, Siegfried (2004), The War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon, Dover Publications, New York.
  • SCHLANT, Ernestine (1999), The Language of Silence: West German Literature and the Holocaust, Routledge, New York.
  • SHOWALTER, Elaine (1987), Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, Penguin Books, London.
  • SUMMERFIELD, Derek (2004), “Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Medicalization of Human Suffering”, Ed. Gerald M. ROSEN, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies, Wiley, Chichester, 233-45.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri, Erişim adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • VAN DER KOLK, Bessel A. ve VAN DER HART, Onno (1995), “The Intrusive Past: The Flexiblity of Memory and Engraving of Trauma”, Ed. Cathy CARUTH, Trauma: Explorations in Memory, JHU Press, Baltimore, 158-183.
  • VICKROY, Laura (2002), Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville VA.
  • WATTERS, Ethan (2010), Crazy Like Us: The Globalization of the American Psyche, Free, New York.
  • WHITEHEAD, Anne (2004), Trauma Fiction, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • WHITEHEAD, Anne (2009), Memory, Routledge, London.
  • WOOLF, Virginia (1972), “Leaning Tower”, Collected Essays, Cilt 2, Hogarth Press, London, 162-181.
  • WYATT, Jean (2011), “Storytelling, Melancholia, and Narrative Structure in Louise Erdrich’s The Painted Drum”, Melus, 36.1, 13-36.
Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 27, 115 - 138, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1242569

Abstract

References

  • ADORNO, Theodor W. (1981), “Cultural Criticism and Society”, Çev. Samuel ve Shierry WEBER, Prisms, MIT Press, Cambridge, 17-34.
  • ADORNO, Theodor W. (2002), “Commitment”, Çev. Francis MCDONAGH, Aesthetics and Politics: The Key Texts of the Classic Debate within German Marxism, Verso, London, 177-195.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3. bs.), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
  • BALAEV, Michelle (2008), “Trends in Literary Trauma Theory”, Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, 41.2, 149-166.
  • BALAEV, Michelle (2014), “Literary Trauma Theory Reconsidered”, Contemporary Approaches in Literary Trauma Theory, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1-14.
  • STAMPFL, Barry (2014), “Parsing the Unspeakable in the Context of Trauma”, Ed. Michelle BALAEV, Contemporary Approaches in Trauma Theory, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 15-41.
  • BARTHES, Roland (1983), Barthes: Selected Writings, Ed. Susan SONTAG, HarperCollins, London.
  • BOND, Edward (1998), Plays: 6: War plays, Choruses from after the Assassinations, Methuen, London.
  • BREUER, Joseph ve FREUD, Sigmund (2001), Studies in Hysteria, Çev. James STRACHEY, Hogarth Press, London.
  • BROWN, Laura S. (2008), Cultural Competence in Trauma Therapy: Beyond the Flashback, Washington, APA.
  • CARUTH, Cathy (1995), Trauma: Explorations in Memory, JHU Press, Baltimore.
  • CARUTH, Cathy (1996), Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History, JHU Press, Baltimore.
  • CARUTH, Cathy ve HARTMAN, Geoffrey (1996), “An Interview with Geoffrey Hartman”, Studies in Romanticism, 35.4, 630-652.
  • CRAPS, Stef (2014), “Beyond Eurocentrism: Trauma Theory in the Global Age”, Ed. Gert BUELENS, Sam DURRANT ve Robert EAGLESTONE, The Future of Trauma Theory: Contemporary Literary and Cultural Criticism, Routledge, New York, 45-62.
  • CRAPS, Stef ve Buelens, Gert (2008), “Introduction: Postcolonial Trauma Novels”, Studies in the Novel, 40.1/2, 1-12.
  • FELMAN, Shoshana (1992), “Camus’ The Plague, or a Monument to Witnessing”, Ed. Shoshana FELMAN ve Dori LAUB, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, Routledge, New York, 93-119.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1939), Moses and Monotheism, Çev. Katherine JONES, Garden City Press, Letchworth.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1959), “An Autobiographical Study” (1925), Çev. James STRACHEY, Standard Edition, Vol. 20, Hogarth Press, London.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1962), “Remembering, Repeating and Working-through”, Ed. James STRACHEY ve Anna FREUD, Standart Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Cilt 12, Hogarth Press, London, 145-156.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (1966), “Project for a Scientific Psychology”, Ed. James STRACHEY, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume I (1886-1899): Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts, Hogarth Press, London, 281-391.
  • FREUD, Sigmund (2012), Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde, Çev. Emir AKTAN, Alter Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • GRANOFSKY, Ronald (1995), The Trauma Novel: Contemporary Symbolic Depictions of Collective Disaster, Peter Lang, New York.
  • HARTMAN, Geoffrey (1995), “On traumatic Knowledge and Literary Studies”, New Literary History, 26.3, 537-563.
  • HERMAN, Judith (1997), Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, Basic Books, New York.
  • JANET, Pierre (1977), The Mental State of Hystericals, University Publications of America, Washington, DC.
  • KAPLAN, E. Ann (2005), Trauma Culture: The Politics of Terror and Loss in Media and Literature, Rutgers University Press, London.
  • LACAPRA, Dominick (2001), Writing History, Writing Trauma, JHU Press, Baltimore.
  • LAQUEUR, Thomas (2010), “We are All Victims Now”, London Review of Books, 32.13, Erişim Adresi: https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n13/thomas-laqueur/we-are-all-victims-now.
  • LAUB, Dori (1992), “Bearing Witness, or the Vicissitudes of Listening”, Ed. Shoshana FELMAN ve Dori LAUB, Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, Routledge, New York, 57-74.
  • LEVI, Primo (2015), Boğulanlar ve Kurtulanlar, Çev. Kemal ATAKAY, Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • LEYS, Ruth (2000), Trauma: A Genealogy, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • LUCKHURST, Roger (2008), The Trauma Question, New York: Routledge.
  • MBEMBE, A. (2010), “The Colony: Its Guilty Secret and Its Accursed Share”, Ed. Elleke BOEHMER ve Stephen MORTON, Terror and the Postcolonial, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, 27–54.
  • MCNALLY, Richard J. (2003), Remembering Trauma, Belknap Press, Cambridge.
  • MICALE, Mark S. (2001), “Jean-Martin Charcot and Les Nevroses Traumatiques”, Ed. Mark S. MICALE ve Pauld LERNER, Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 115-139. MYERS, Charles S. (1940), Shell Shock in France, 1914-1918: Based on a War Diary, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • OWEN, Wilfred (1963), The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen, Chatta & Windus, New York.
  • Oxford English Dictionary Online, Erişim adresi: http://0-www.oed.com.wam. leeds.ac.uk/view/Entry/205242?redirectedFrom=trauma
  • SASSOON, Siegfried (2004), The War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon, Dover Publications, New York.
  • SCHLANT, Ernestine (1999), The Language of Silence: West German Literature and the Holocaust, Routledge, New York.
  • SHOWALTER, Elaine (1987), Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, Penguin Books, London.
  • SUMMERFIELD, Derek (2004), “Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Medicalization of Human Suffering”, Ed. Gerald M. ROSEN, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies, Wiley, Chichester, 233-45.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri, Erişim adresi: https://sozluk.gov.tr/
  • VAN DER KOLK, Bessel A. ve VAN DER HART, Onno (1995), “The Intrusive Past: The Flexiblity of Memory and Engraving of Trauma”, Ed. Cathy CARUTH, Trauma: Explorations in Memory, JHU Press, Baltimore, 158-183.
  • VICKROY, Laura (2002), Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville VA.
  • WATTERS, Ethan (2010), Crazy Like Us: The Globalization of the American Psyche, Free, New York.
  • WHITEHEAD, Anne (2004), Trauma Fiction, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • WHITEHEAD, Anne (2009), Memory, Routledge, London.
  • WOOLF, Virginia (1972), “Leaning Tower”, Collected Essays, Cilt 2, Hogarth Press, London, 162-181.
  • WYATT, Jean (2011), “Storytelling, Melancholia, and Narrative Structure in Louise Erdrich’s The Painted Drum”, Melus, 36.1, 13-36.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tuğba Aygan 0000-0002-0514-8472

Publication Date January 31, 2024
Submission Date January 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 27

Cite

APA Aygan, T. (2024). KONUŞUL(A)MAYANI ANLATMAK: TRAVMA TEORİSİ VE EDEBİYAT. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(27), 115-138. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1242569