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From Hysteria to Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder: Developments in Clinical Diagnosis and Neurobiology

Year 2024, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 279 - 288, 30.06.2024

Arda Bağcaz Selvi Ceran

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1300192

Abstract

Changes in the nomenclature of functional neurological symptom disorders (FND) from the past to the present represent historical changes in understanding etiology. Today, there is still difficulty in excluding potential underlying neurological disorders. In addition, there is no consensus on the psychological mechanism leading to the disorder. As a result, diagnostic problems continue to exist. While functional neuroimaging studies show that suppression and conversion mechanisms, which are the concepts of the psychoanalytical theory, may have neural counterparts, neurobiological data suggests that the conversion model cannot be explanatory for every patient. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), amygdala, temporoparietal junction (TPJ), insula, anterior cingulate structures, and their connections come to the fore. The fact that the connections between the dlPFC and the hippocampus can prevent the recall of an unwanted memory, as well as the changes detected in the amygdala in these disorders and the increased connectivity between the amygdala and the motor areas, suggest an abnormal connection between emotions and the motor system. It is addressed how changes in the TPJ are related to the loss of the sense of agency. However, it is unclear whether the findings of these studies suggest a "predisposition", "onset of disorder", or "compensatory changes secondary to disorder". Exploring FND to learn how the brain and mind react to psychosocial stressors can be a turning point in understanding the brain-mind connection. The goal of this review is to present the history of the changes in terminology and perspective on this disorder that followed the establishment of psychoanalysis, as well as what kind of evidence has been presented regarding hysteria in light of advances in neuroscience

Keywords

Conversion disorder functional neurological symptom disorder functional neuroimaging

Project Number

Gerekmemektedir

References

  • APA (1952) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1st ed. (DSM I). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed (DSM-II). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM-III). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Apazoglou K, Mazzola V, Wegrzyk J, Frasca Polara G, Aybek S (2017) Biological and perceived stress in motor functional neurological disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 85:142-150.
  • Atmaca M, Baykara S, Mermi O, Yildirim H, Akaslan U (2016) Pituitary volumes are changed in patients with conversion disorder. Brain Imaging Behav, 10:92-95.
  • Aybek S, Nicholson TR, Zelaya F, O’Daly OG, Craig TJ, David AS et al. (2014) Neural correlates of recall of life events in conversion disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 71:52-60.
  • Aybek S, Nicholson TR, O’Daly O, Zelaya F, Kanaan RA, David AS (2015) Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: an FMRI study. PloS One, 10:e0123273.
  • Bègue I, Adams C, Stone J, Perez DL (2019) Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem? Neuroimage Clin, 22:101798.
  • Binzer M, Eisemann M (1998) Childhood experiences and personality traits in patients with motor conversion symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 98:288-295.
  • Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M (2004) Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127:243–258.
  • Bowman ES, Markand ON (1996) Psychodynamics and psychiatric diagnoses of pseudoseizure subjects. Am J Psychiatry, 153:57-63.
  • Burke MJ, Ghaffar O, Staines WR, Downar J, Feinstein A (2014) Functional neuroimaging of conversion disorder: the role of ancillary activation. Neuroimage Clin, 6:333-339.
  • Chertok L (1984) On the centenary of Charcot: hysteria, suggestibility and hypnosis. Br J Med Psychol. 57:111-120.
  • Cretton A, Brown RJ, LaFrance WC Jr, Aybek S (2020) What does neuroscience tell us about the conversion model of functional neurological disorders? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 32:24-32.
  • Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, Opel N, Dohm K et al. (2016) Disadvantage of social sensitivity: Interaction of oxytocin receptor genotype and child maltreatment on brain structure. Biol Psychiatry, 80:398-405. 
  • Daum C, Aybek S (2013) Validity of the “Drift without pronation” sign in conversion disorder. BMC Neurol, 13:31.
  • Daum C, Hubschmid M, Aybek S (2014) The value of ‘positive’ clinical signs for weakness, sensory and gait disorders in conversion disorder: a systematic and narrative review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85:180-190.
  • Edwards MJ, Adams RA, Brown H, Pareés I, Friston KJ (2012) A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’. Brain, 135:3495-3512.  
  • Ejareh Dar M, Kanaan RA (2016) Uncovering the etiology of conversion disorder: insights from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 12:143-153.
  • Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M,et al. (2018) Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol, 75:1132-1141.
  • Freud S, Breuer J (1895) Histeri Üzerine Çalışmalar (Çeviri Ed. E. Kapkın). İstanbul, Payel Yayınları.
  • Hassa T, Spiteri S, Schmidt R, Merkel C, Schoenfeld MA (2021) Increased amygdala activity associated with cognitive reappraisal strategy in functional neurologic disorder. Front Psychiatry, 12:613156.
  • Hernandez Peon R, Chavez Ibarra G, Aguilar Figueroa E (1963) Somatic evoked potentials in one case of hysterical anaesthesia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 15:889-192. 
  • Jones E (1953) The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York, Basic Books.
  • Jones MM (1980) Conversion reaction: anachronism or evolutionary form: A review of the neurologic. behavioral and psychoanalytic literature. Psychol Bull 87:427-441.
  • Kanaan RA, Craig TK, Wessely SC, David AS (2007) Imaging repressed memories in motor conversion disorder. Psychosom Med, 69:202-5.
  • Keynejad RC, Carson AJ, David AS, Nicholson TR (2017) Functional neurological disorder: psychiatry's blind spot. Lancet Psychiatry, 4:e2-e3.
  • Levy R, Mushin J (1973) The somatosensory evoked response in patients with hysterical anaesthesia. J Psychosom Res, 17:81-84.
  • Ludwig AM (1972) Hysteria. A neurobiological theory. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 27:771-777.
  • Ludwig L, Pasman JA, Nicholson T, Aybek S, David AS, Tuck S et al. (2018) Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:307-320.
  • Marshall JC, Halligan PW, Fink GR, Wade DT, Frackowiak RS (1997) The functional anatomy of a hysterical paralysis. Cognition, 64:B1-B8. 
  • Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Epstein SA, Hallett M, Horovitz SG (2016) Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: A resting-state fMRI study. Neurology, 87:564-570.
  • McKee K, Glass S, Adams C, Stephen CD, King F, Parlman K et al. (2018) The inpatient assessment and management of motor functional neurological disorders: An interdisciplinary perspective. Psychosomatics, 59:358-368.
  • Mökleby K, Blomhoff S, Malt UF, Dahlström A, Tauböll E, Gjerstad L (2002) Psychiatric comorbidity and hostility in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures compared with somatoform disorders and healthy controls. Epilepsia, 43:193-198. 
  • Nicholson TR, Stone J, Kanaan RA (2011) Conversion disorder: a problematic diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., 82:1267-1273.
  • Ospina JP, Jalilianhasanpour R, Perez DL (2019) The role of the anterior and midcingulate cortex in the neurobiology of functional neurologic disorder. Handb Clin Neurol, 166:267-279.
  • Pearce JM. (2016) Sydenham on hysteria. Eur Neurol, 76:175-181.
  • Perez DL, Barsky AJ, Daffner K, Silbersweig DA (2012) Motor and somatosensory conversion disorder: a functional unawareness syndrome? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 24:141-151
  • Perez DL, Dworetzky BA, Dickerson BC, Leung L, Cohn R, Baslet G et al. (2015) An integrative neurocircuit perspective on psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and functional movement disorders: neural functional unawareness. Clin EEG Neurosci, 46:4-15. 
  • Pick S, Mellers JDC, Goldstein LH (2018) Autonomic and subjective responsivity to emotional images in people with dissociative seizures. J Neuropsychol, 12:341-355.
  • Roelofs K, Keijsers GP, Hoogduin KA, Näring GW, Moene FC (2002) Childhood abuse in patients with conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 159:1908-1913.
  • Schoenfeld MA, Hassa T, Hopf JM, Eulitz C, Schmidt R (2011) Neural correlates of hysterical blindness. Cereb Cortex, 21:2394-2398.
  • Sierra M, Berrios GE. (1999) Flashbulb memories and other repetitive images: a psychiatric perspective. Compr Psychiatry, 40:115-25. 
  • Simon B (1978) Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece: The Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
  • Spagnolo PA, Garvey M, Hallett M (2021) A dimensional approach to functional movement disorders: Heresy or opportunity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,127:25-36. 
  • Spence SA, Crimlisk HL, Cope H, Ron MA, Grasby PM (2000) Discrete neurophysiological correlates in prefrontal cortex during hysterical and feigned disorder of movement. Lancet, 355:1243-1244.
  • Stone J, Sharpe M, Binzer M (2004) Motor conversion symptoms and pseudoseizures: a comparison of clinical characteristics. Psychosomatics, 45:492-499.
  • Stone J, Smyth R, Carson A, Lewis S, Prescott R, Warlow C et al. (2005) Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and "hysteria". BMJ, 331:989.
  • Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Coleman R, Roberts R, Warlow C et al. (2009) Symptoms “unexplained by organic disease” in 1144 new neurology outpatients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up? Brain, 132:2878–2888.
  • Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Roberts R, Warlow C, Hibberd C et al. (2010) Who is referred to neurology clinics?—the diagnoses made in 3781 new patients Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 112:747–751.
  • Tiihonen J, Kuikka J, Viinamäki H, Lehtonen J, Partanen J (1995) Altered cerebral blood flow during hysterical paresthesia. Biol Psychiatry, 37:134-135. 
  • Trimble M, Reynolds EH (2016) A brief history of hysteria: From the ancient to the modern. Handb Clin Neurol, 139:3-10.
  • van Beilen M, de Jong BM, Gieteling EW, Renken R, Leenders KL (2011) Abnormal parietal function in conversion paresis. PLoS One, 6:e25918. 
  • Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Ameli R, Roelofs K, LaFrance WC Jr. et al. (2010) Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder. Brain, 133:1526-1536.
  • Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Hallett M (2011) Aberrant supplementary motor complex and limbic activity during motor preparation in motor conversion disorder. Mov Disord, 26:2396-2403.
  • Voon V, Gallea C, Hattori N, Bruno M, Ekanayake V, Hallett M (2010) The involuntary nature of conversion disorder. Neurology, 74:223-228. 
  • Vuilleumier P, Chicherio C, Assal F, Schwartz S, Slosman D, Landis T (2001) Functional neuroanatomical correlates of hysterical sensorimotor loss. Brain, 124:1077-1090.
  • Werring DJ, Weston L, Bullmore ET, Plant GT, Ron MA (2004) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebral response to visual stimulation in medically unexplained visual loss. Psychol Med, 34:583-589.
  • Yazici KM, Demirci M, Demir B, Ertugrul A (2004) Abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials in two patients with conversion disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58:222-225.

Histeriden Fonksiyonel Nörolojik Belirti Bozukluğuna: Klinik Tanı ve Nörobiyolojideki Gelişmeler

Year 2024, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 279 - 288, 30.06.2024

Arda Bağcaz Selvi Ceran

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1300192

Abstract

Fonksiyonel nörolojik belirti bozukluğunun (FNBB) isimlendirilmesinde geçmişten günümüze kadar yapılan değişiklikler tarihsel süreçte etiyolojiye ilişkin anlayışın değişimini yansıtmaktadır. Günümüzde halen altta yatan başka bir olası nörolojik hastalık tanısının dışlanmasında zorluklar yaşanmakta, bozukluğa yol açan psikolojik mekanizma konusunda bir fikir birliği bulunmamakta ve buna bağlı olarak tanı koyma ile ilgili sorunlar devam etmektedir. Fonksiyonel görüntüleme çalışmalarının sonuçları psikanalitik kuramın konversiyon modelinde yer alan bastırma ve döndürme (konversiyon) mekanizmalarının nöral karşılıklarının olabileceğini düşündürmekle beraber, bu modelin her hasta için açıklayıcı olamayacağına işaret etmektedir. Özellikle dorsolateral prefrontal korteks (dlPFK), amigdala, temporoparietal bileşke (TPB), insula, ön singulat yapıları ve aralarındaki bağlantılar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bulgular istenmeyen bir anının hatırlanmasının dlPFK ve hipokampus arasındaki bağlantılar aracılığıyla engellenebileceğini düşündürmektedir. Ayrıca amigdalada saptanan değişiklikler ve amigdala ile motor alanlar arasında tespit edilen artmış bağlantısallık, duygu düzenlemenin bozulması ve duygular ile motor sistem arasında anormal bir bağlantı olması ihtimali ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Temporoparietal bileşkede gösterilen değişikliklerin ise hareketin faili olma hissinin bozulması ile ilişkili olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Ancak bu araştırmaların sonuçlarının ‘hastalığa yatkınlığı’ mı, ‘hastalığın ortaya çıkışını’ mı yoksa ‘hastalığa ikincil telafi edici değişiklikleri’ mi temsil ettiği henüz aydınlatılamamıştır. Psikososyal stresörlere beynin ve zihnin nasıl yanıt verdiğini anlamaya çalışmak için FNBB’yi araştırmak beyin-zihin ilişkisini anlamak adına önemli bir kavşak olabilir. Bu derlemede terminoloji ve bakış açısındaki değişimin tarihçesi, psikanalizin kuruluşuna eşlik eden bu bozukluğa psikanalizin bakış açısı ve nörobilimdeki gelişmeler ışığında histeriye dair ne gibi bulgular ortaya konduğunun sunulması amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

Konversiyon Bozukluğu Fonksiyonel Nörolojik Belirti Bozukluğu Fonksiyonel Nörogörüntüleme

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Gerekmemektedir

Thanks

-

References

  • APA (1952) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1st ed. (DSM I). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed (DSM-II). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM-III). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Apazoglou K, Mazzola V, Wegrzyk J, Frasca Polara G, Aybek S (2017) Biological and perceived stress in motor functional neurological disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 85:142-150.
  • Atmaca M, Baykara S, Mermi O, Yildirim H, Akaslan U (2016) Pituitary volumes are changed in patients with conversion disorder. Brain Imaging Behav, 10:92-95.
  • Aybek S, Nicholson TR, Zelaya F, O’Daly OG, Craig TJ, David AS et al. (2014) Neural correlates of recall of life events in conversion disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 71:52-60.
  • Aybek S, Nicholson TR, O’Daly O, Zelaya F, Kanaan RA, David AS (2015) Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: an FMRI study. PloS One, 10:e0123273.
  • Bègue I, Adams C, Stone J, Perez DL (2019) Structural alterations in functional neurological disorder and related conditions: a software and hardware problem? Neuroimage Clin, 22:101798.
  • Binzer M, Eisemann M (1998) Childhood experiences and personality traits in patients with motor conversion symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 98:288-295.
  • Blanke O, Landis T, Spinelli L, Seeck M (2004) Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127:243–258.
  • Bowman ES, Markand ON (1996) Psychodynamics and psychiatric diagnoses of pseudoseizure subjects. Am J Psychiatry, 153:57-63.
  • Burke MJ, Ghaffar O, Staines WR, Downar J, Feinstein A (2014) Functional neuroimaging of conversion disorder: the role of ancillary activation. Neuroimage Clin, 6:333-339.
  • Chertok L (1984) On the centenary of Charcot: hysteria, suggestibility and hypnosis. Br J Med Psychol. 57:111-120.
  • Cretton A, Brown RJ, LaFrance WC Jr, Aybek S (2020) What does neuroscience tell us about the conversion model of functional neurological disorders? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 32:24-32.
  • Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, Opel N, Dohm K et al. (2016) Disadvantage of social sensitivity: Interaction of oxytocin receptor genotype and child maltreatment on brain structure. Biol Psychiatry, 80:398-405. 
  • Daum C, Aybek S (2013) Validity of the “Drift without pronation” sign in conversion disorder. BMC Neurol, 13:31.
  • Daum C, Hubschmid M, Aybek S (2014) The value of ‘positive’ clinical signs for weakness, sensory and gait disorders in conversion disorder: a systematic and narrative review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85:180-190.
  • Edwards MJ, Adams RA, Brown H, Pareés I, Friston KJ (2012) A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’. Brain, 135:3495-3512.  
  • Ejareh Dar M, Kanaan RA (2016) Uncovering the etiology of conversion disorder: insights from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 12:143-153.
  • Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M,et al. (2018) Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol, 75:1132-1141.
  • Freud S, Breuer J (1895) Histeri Üzerine Çalışmalar (Çeviri Ed. E. Kapkın). İstanbul, Payel Yayınları.
  • Hassa T, Spiteri S, Schmidt R, Merkel C, Schoenfeld MA (2021) Increased amygdala activity associated with cognitive reappraisal strategy in functional neurologic disorder. Front Psychiatry, 12:613156.
  • Hernandez Peon R, Chavez Ibarra G, Aguilar Figueroa E (1963) Somatic evoked potentials in one case of hysterical anaesthesia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 15:889-192. 
  • Jones E (1953) The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York, Basic Books.
  • Jones MM (1980) Conversion reaction: anachronism or evolutionary form: A review of the neurologic. behavioral and psychoanalytic literature. Psychol Bull 87:427-441.
  • Kanaan RA, Craig TK, Wessely SC, David AS (2007) Imaging repressed memories in motor conversion disorder. Psychosom Med, 69:202-5.
  • Keynejad RC, Carson AJ, David AS, Nicholson TR (2017) Functional neurological disorder: psychiatry's blind spot. Lancet Psychiatry, 4:e2-e3.
  • Levy R, Mushin J (1973) The somatosensory evoked response in patients with hysterical anaesthesia. J Psychosom Res, 17:81-84.
  • Ludwig AM (1972) Hysteria. A neurobiological theory. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 27:771-777.
  • Ludwig L, Pasman JA, Nicholson T, Aybek S, David AS, Tuck S et al. (2018) Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional neurological) disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:307-320.
  • Marshall JC, Halligan PW, Fink GR, Wade DT, Frackowiak RS (1997) The functional anatomy of a hysterical paralysis. Cognition, 64:B1-B8. 
  • Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Epstein SA, Hallett M, Horovitz SG (2016) Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: A resting-state fMRI study. Neurology, 87:564-570.
  • McKee K, Glass S, Adams C, Stephen CD, King F, Parlman K et al. (2018) The inpatient assessment and management of motor functional neurological disorders: An interdisciplinary perspective. Psychosomatics, 59:358-368.
  • Mökleby K, Blomhoff S, Malt UF, Dahlström A, Tauböll E, Gjerstad L (2002) Psychiatric comorbidity and hostility in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures compared with somatoform disorders and healthy controls. Epilepsia, 43:193-198. 
  • Nicholson TR, Stone J, Kanaan RA (2011) Conversion disorder: a problematic diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., 82:1267-1273.
  • Ospina JP, Jalilianhasanpour R, Perez DL (2019) The role of the anterior and midcingulate cortex in the neurobiology of functional neurologic disorder. Handb Clin Neurol, 166:267-279.
  • Pearce JM. (2016) Sydenham on hysteria. Eur Neurol, 76:175-181.
  • Perez DL, Barsky AJ, Daffner K, Silbersweig DA (2012) Motor and somatosensory conversion disorder: a functional unawareness syndrome? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 24:141-151
  • Perez DL, Dworetzky BA, Dickerson BC, Leung L, Cohn R, Baslet G et al. (2015) An integrative neurocircuit perspective on psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and functional movement disorders: neural functional unawareness. Clin EEG Neurosci, 46:4-15. 
  • Pick S, Mellers JDC, Goldstein LH (2018) Autonomic and subjective responsivity to emotional images in people with dissociative seizures. J Neuropsychol, 12:341-355.
  • Roelofs K, Keijsers GP, Hoogduin KA, Näring GW, Moene FC (2002) Childhood abuse in patients with conversion disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 159:1908-1913.
  • Schoenfeld MA, Hassa T, Hopf JM, Eulitz C, Schmidt R (2011) Neural correlates of hysterical blindness. Cereb Cortex, 21:2394-2398.
  • Sierra M, Berrios GE. (1999) Flashbulb memories and other repetitive images: a psychiatric perspective. Compr Psychiatry, 40:115-25. 
  • Simon B (1978) Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece: The Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
  • Spagnolo PA, Garvey M, Hallett M (2021) A dimensional approach to functional movement disorders: Heresy or opportunity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,127:25-36. 
  • Spence SA, Crimlisk HL, Cope H, Ron MA, Grasby PM (2000) Discrete neurophysiological correlates in prefrontal cortex during hysterical and feigned disorder of movement. Lancet, 355:1243-1244.
  • Stone J, Sharpe M, Binzer M (2004) Motor conversion symptoms and pseudoseizures: a comparison of clinical characteristics. Psychosomatics, 45:492-499.
  • Stone J, Smyth R, Carson A, Lewis S, Prescott R, Warlow C et al. (2005) Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and "hysteria". BMJ, 331:989.
  • Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Coleman R, Roberts R, Warlow C et al. (2009) Symptoms “unexplained by organic disease” in 1144 new neurology outpatients: how often does the diagnosis change at follow-up? Brain, 132:2878–2888.
  • Stone J, Carson A, Duncan R, Roberts R, Warlow C, Hibberd C et al. (2010) Who is referred to neurology clinics?—the diagnoses made in 3781 new patients Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 112:747–751.
  • Tiihonen J, Kuikka J, Viinamäki H, Lehtonen J, Partanen J (1995) Altered cerebral blood flow during hysterical paresthesia. Biol Psychiatry, 37:134-135. 
  • Trimble M, Reynolds EH (2016) A brief history of hysteria: From the ancient to the modern. Handb Clin Neurol, 139:3-10.
  • van Beilen M, de Jong BM, Gieteling EW, Renken R, Leenders KL (2011) Abnormal parietal function in conversion paresis. PLoS One, 6:e25918. 
  • Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Ameli R, Roelofs K, LaFrance WC Jr. et al. (2010) Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder. Brain, 133:1526-1536.
  • Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Hallett M (2011) Aberrant supplementary motor complex and limbic activity during motor preparation in motor conversion disorder. Mov Disord, 26:2396-2403.
  • Voon V, Gallea C, Hattori N, Bruno M, Ekanayake V, Hallett M (2010) The involuntary nature of conversion disorder. Neurology, 74:223-228. 
  • Vuilleumier P, Chicherio C, Assal F, Schwartz S, Slosman D, Landis T (2001) Functional neuroanatomical correlates of hysterical sensorimotor loss. Brain, 124:1077-1090.
  • Werring DJ, Weston L, Bullmore ET, Plant GT, Ron MA (2004) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebral response to visual stimulation in medically unexplained visual loss. Psychol Med, 34:583-589.
  • Yazici KM, Demirci M, Demir B, Ertugrul A (2004) Abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials in two patients with conversion disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58:222-225.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Review
Authors

Arda Bağcaz 0000-0001-5947-0179

Selvi Ceran 0000-0002-7984-2440

Project Number Gerekmemektedir
Early Pub Date January 21, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Acceptance Date September 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Bağcaz A, Ceran S. From Hysteria to Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder: Developments in Clinical Diagnosis and Neurobiology. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. June 2024;16(2):279-288. doi:10.18863/pgy.1300192

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