Evaluation of Calendula Samples Collected from Nature and Obtained from Herbalists According to European Pharmacopoeia 8.0
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare different herbalist samples that were marketed under the name "aynısefa" with Calendulae arvensis flos and Calendulae arvensis herba herbs collected from Bornova, İzmir (Ege University Campus) in terms of tests specified in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0.
Methods: The acquired samples were subjected to tests referenced in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0 Calendulae flos monograph. These tests included determination of loss on drying and total ash quantities during drying, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometric quantification of flavonoid content expressed as hyperoside in the prepared extracts from the samples. In addition, the amounts of acid-insoluble ash in the samples were also determined.
Results: While the findings obtained for the loss on drying test in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0 were appropriate for all samples, only one sample obtained from the market was below the maximum limit specified for total ash. Rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid compounds were identified in the samples by TLC experiment. Spectrophotometric quantification experiments were carried out on hyperoside, and the highest flavonoid content was detected in the Calendulae arvensis flos collected from the Ege University Campus.
Conclusion: It had been demonstrated that the samples obtained from the market differ in terms of both quality control and content, and that the content of the drugs to be used as phytotherapeutics must be standardized, especially with regard to posology. The importance of performing the relevant tests has been revealed. Additionally, it is noteworthy that Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. flowers, which are a biological richness of our country and naturally spread widely, have the highest flavonoid content.
Keywords
Project Number
17-ECZ-008 (Ege Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) tarafından desteklenen yüksek lisans tez projesi)
References
- 1. Baytop T. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi (geçmişte ve bugün); 1984. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- 2. Abdelwahab et al. Fifty-year of Global Research in Calendula officinalis L. (1971−2021): A Bibliometric Study. Clin Complement Med Pharmacol 2022;2(4):100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2022.100059
- 3. Townsend CC, Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Kew Bulletin 1973;28(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/4119794
- 4. Yoshikawa M, et al. Medicinal flowers. III. Marigold. (1): Hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, from egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull 2001;49(7):863-70 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.863
- 5. Soto-Hernandez M, Palma-Tenango M, González-Hernández V. Chlorogenic acid content in Calendula varieties through cut dates in Mexico. Planta Med 2014;80(16):2-28 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1394863
- 6. Hernández-Saavedra D, et al. Phytochemical characterization and effect of Calendula officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, and Salvia officinalis infusions on obesity-associated cardiovascular risk. Med Chem Research 2016;25(1):193-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-015-1454-1
- 7. Bakó E, Deli J, Tóth G. HPLC study on the carotenoid composition of Calendula products. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2002;53(1–3):241-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-022X(02)00112-4
- 8. Crabas N, et al. Extraction, separation and isolation of volatiles and dyes from Calendula officinalis l. and Aloysia triphylla (l’her.) britton by supercritical CO2. J Essent Oil Res 2003;15(4):272-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9712141
- 9. Lavagna SM, et al. Efficacy of Hypericum and Calendula oils in the epithelial reconstruction of surgical wounds in childbirth with caesarean section. Farmaco 2001;56(5–7):451-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01060-6
- 10. Babaee N, et al. Antioxidant capacity of calendula officinalis flowers extract and prevention of radiation induced oropharyngeal mucositis in patients with head and neck cancers: A randomized controlled clinical study. DARU J Pharm Sci 2013;21(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-21-18
- 11. Silva D, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis l. Flower extract. Cosmetics 2021;8(2):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020031
- 12. Cruceriu D, Balacescu O, Rakosy E. Calendula officinalis: Potential roles in cancer treatment and palliative care. Integr Cancer Ther 2018;17(4):1068-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735418803766
- 13. Hamad MN, Mohammed HJ, Merdaw MA. Antibacterial activity of Calendula officinalis flowers in vitro. Ibn al-Haitham J Pure Appl Sci 2017;24(3):1-7. https://doi.org/10.30526/24.3.735
- 14. Milián Vázquez PM, et al. Calendula officinalis L. for the topical treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Boletin Latinoamericano y Del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas, 2010;9(5):343-52.
- 15. European Pharmacopoeia. 8th edition. Strasbourg: 2014.
- 16. Ashwlayan VD, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Calendula officinalis. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2018;6(2):149-55. https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00171
- 17. Paşa C. Compilation on the medicinal uses Calendula officinalis and Calendula arvensis species distributed in the flora of Turkey. GSC biol pharm sci 2022;21(3):48-52. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.3.0451
- 18. Khouchlaa A, et al. Traditional Uses, Bioactive Compounds, and Pharmacological Investigations of Calendula arvensis L.: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023;23:1-27. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2482544
Doğadan Toplanan ve Aktarlardan Temin Edilen Calendula Örneklerinin Avrupa Farmakopesi 8.0’a göre Değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmada “aynısefa” ismiyle piyasada satışa sunulmuş olan dört değişik aktar örneği ile Bornova, İzmir’den toplanan (Ege Üniversitesi Yerleşkesi) Calendulae arvensis flos ve Calendulae arvensis herba droglarını Avrupa Farmakopesi 8.0’da yer alan testler açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırmak hedeflenmiştir.
Yöntem: Temin edilen örnekler üzerinde Avrupa Farmakopesi 8.0’da yer alan Calendulae flos monografında yer alan testler referans alınarak; kurutmada kayıp ve total kül miktarları, örneklerden hazırlanan ekstrelerde ince tabaka kromatografisi (İTK) ve hiperozit üzerinden spektrofotometrik olarak flavonoit miktar tayini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ek olarak örneklerin hidroklorik asitte çözünmeyen kül miktarları da belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Avrupa Farmakopesi 8.0’da yer alan kurutmada kayıp testi için elde edilen bulgular bütün örnekler için uygunken, piyasadan temin edilen sadece bir örnek total kül miktarı için belirtilen maksimum sınırın altında kalmıştır. İTK denemesiyle rutin, klorojenik asit ve kafeik asit bileşikleri örneklerde teşhis edilmiştir. Spektrofotometrik olarak hiperozit üzerinden miktar tayini denemeleri gerçekleştirilmiş, en yüksek flavanoit içeriği Ege Üniversitesi Kampüsü’nden toplanan Calendulae arvensis flos droğunda tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Piyasadan temin edilen örneklerin gerek kalite kontrol, gerek içerik açısından farklılıklar gösterdiği, fitoterapötik olarak kullanılacak drogların bilhassa pozoloji açısından içeriğinin standardize edilmiş olması gerektiği için ilgili testlerin yapılmasının önemi ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca ülkemizin biyolojik bir zenginliği olan ve doğal olarak geniş yayılış gösteren Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. çiçeklerinin en yüksek flavonoit içeriğine sahip olması da önemli bir göstergedir.
Keywords
Project Number
17-ECZ-008 (Ege Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) tarafından desteklenen yüksek lisans tez projesi)
References
- 1. Baytop T. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi (geçmişte ve bugün); 1984. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- 2. Abdelwahab et al. Fifty-year of Global Research in Calendula officinalis L. (1971−2021): A Bibliometric Study. Clin Complement Med Pharmacol 2022;2(4):100059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2022.100059
- 3. Townsend CC, Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Kew Bulletin 1973;28(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/4119794
- 4. Yoshikawa M, et al. Medicinal flowers. III. Marigold. (1): Hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, from egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull 2001;49(7):863-70 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.863
- 5. Soto-Hernandez M, Palma-Tenango M, González-Hernández V. Chlorogenic acid content in Calendula varieties through cut dates in Mexico. Planta Med 2014;80(16):2-28 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1394863
- 6. Hernández-Saavedra D, et al. Phytochemical characterization and effect of Calendula officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, and Salvia officinalis infusions on obesity-associated cardiovascular risk. Med Chem Research 2016;25(1):193-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-015-1454-1
- 7. Bakó E, Deli J, Tóth G. HPLC study on the carotenoid composition of Calendula products. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2002;53(1–3):241-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-022X(02)00112-4
- 8. Crabas N, et al. Extraction, separation and isolation of volatiles and dyes from Calendula officinalis l. and Aloysia triphylla (l’her.) britton by supercritical CO2. J Essent Oil Res 2003;15(4):272-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9712141
- 9. Lavagna SM, et al. Efficacy of Hypericum and Calendula oils in the epithelial reconstruction of surgical wounds in childbirth with caesarean section. Farmaco 2001;56(5–7):451-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01060-6
- 10. Babaee N, et al. Antioxidant capacity of calendula officinalis flowers extract and prevention of radiation induced oropharyngeal mucositis in patients with head and neck cancers: A randomized controlled clinical study. DARU J Pharm Sci 2013;21(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-21-18
- 11. Silva D, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Calendula officinalis l. Flower extract. Cosmetics 2021;8(2):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020031
- 12. Cruceriu D, Balacescu O, Rakosy E. Calendula officinalis: Potential roles in cancer treatment and palliative care. Integr Cancer Ther 2018;17(4):1068-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735418803766
- 13. Hamad MN, Mohammed HJ, Merdaw MA. Antibacterial activity of Calendula officinalis flowers in vitro. Ibn al-Haitham J Pure Appl Sci 2017;24(3):1-7. https://doi.org/10.30526/24.3.735
- 14. Milián Vázquez PM, et al. Calendula officinalis L. for the topical treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Boletin Latinoamericano y Del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas, 2010;9(5):343-52.
- 15. European Pharmacopoeia. 8th edition. Strasbourg: 2014.
- 16. Ashwlayan VD, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Calendula officinalis. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2018;6(2):149-55. https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00171
- 17. Paşa C. Compilation on the medicinal uses Calendula officinalis and Calendula arvensis species distributed in the flora of Turkey. GSC biol pharm sci 2022;21(3):48-52. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.3.0451
- 18. Khouchlaa A, et al. Traditional Uses, Bioactive Compounds, and Pharmacological Investigations of Calendula arvensis L.: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023;23:1-27. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2482544
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 17-ECZ-008 (Ege Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) tarafından desteklenen yüksek lisans tez projesi) |
| Publication Date | January 30, 2024 |
| Submission Date | October 27, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | January 25, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 1 |
Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Periodical scientific publication of Mersin University School of Medicine. Can not be cited without reference. Responsibility of the articles belong to the authors
Ayşegül Tuğuz
from composition of İlter Uzel named “Dioscorides and his Student
Address
Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik Anabilim Dalı Çiftlikköy Kampüsü
Yenişehir / Mersin