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INTERPRETATION OF ISAIAH BERLIN AND HIS THOUGHTS

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 275 - 290, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Isaiah Berlin, a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher, and historian of ideas, held a notable position in intellectual discourse. Despite his reluctance to publish, his impromptu lectures and speeches were occasionally documented, transcribed, and later transformed into published articles and books, both by himself and others, notably his editor-in-chief. Berlin’s significant contributions lie in his reflections on enlightenment, romanticism, socialism, and nationalism. As a translator of Russian literature and philosophical thought, he played a foundational role in shaping modern liberal political philosophy. Joining All Souls College at the University of Oxford in 1932 at the age of twenty-three, Berlin began his academic journey. His engagement with Russian English translations, particularly the works of Ivan Turgenev, and his service in the British diplomatic corps during World War II marked his early career. Subsequently, from 1957 to 1967, he delved into the study of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. His leadership roles, including serving as the president of the Aristotelian Society (1963-1964) and the British Academy (1974-1978), underscore his influence. In 1979, Berlin received the Jerusalem Award for his lifelong dedication to civil liberties. His inaugural speech as the professor of social political science at the University of Oxford introduced the concept of two freedoms based on “value pluralism.” Berlin defined “negative” freedom as the absence of restrictions hindering conscious desires, while “positive” freedom was portrayed as the ability to independently shape one's destiny without external interference. Elaborating on the historical development of these concepts, Berlin observed their divergence and eventual conflict. While acknowledging the naturalness of both perspectives, he cautioned against potential political abuses stemming from the concept of “positive” freedom, as individuals often correlate decision correctness with collective notions. Berlin traced the roots of these ideas to Kant, Rousseau, and Hegel, attributing the 19th to 20th-century development of “positive” freedom to various political restrictions. This analysis aims to delve into Isaiah Berlin’s thoughts through an interpretive (verstehende) approach.

Project Number

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References

  • BERLİN, Isaiah (1958), Two Concepts of Liberty. Oxford University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (1990), Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (1997), Hardy, Henry; Hausheer, Roger (eds.). The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays. Chatto and Windus.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (2000), Three Critics of the Enlightenment. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (2002), Liberty. Oxford.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (2003), Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder. (Henry Hardy, editor). Princeton University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isiah (2013), Ignatieff, Michael (ed.). The Hedgehog and the Fox An Essay on Tolstoy’s View of History (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
  • BLEİCH, D. (2006), “The Materiality of Reading”. New Literary History. 37 (3): 607–629. doi:10.1353/nlh.2006.0000.
  • BLEİCH, D. (2006), “The Materiality of Reading”. New Literary History. 37 (3): 607–629. doi:10.1353/nlh.2006.0000.
  • BROWN, Alan (1986), Modern Political Philosophy: Theories of the Just Society. Middlesex: Penguin Books. pp. 157-158.
  • CHERNİSS, Joshua & Hardy, Henry (25 May 2010), “Isaiah Berlin”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 March 2012. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/ adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • COSGROVE, Charles (2005), Cross-Cultural Paul. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
  • GARRARD, Graeme (2006), Counter-enlightenments: from the eighteenth century to the present. Abingdon [England]: Routledge.
  • HARDY, Henry (2013), “In the second edition of Isaiah Berlin”. Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Princeton University Press.
  • HUİ, A. (2013), “Horatio’s Philosophy in Hamlet”. Renaissance Drama, 41(12), 151-171.
  • IGNATİEFF, Michael (1998), Isaiah Berlin: A Life. London: Chatto and Windus.
  • JAHANBEGLOO, Ramin (1992), Conversations with Isaiah Berlin. Halban Publishers.
  • KOCİS, Robert (2022), Isaish Berlin: A Kantian and Post-Idealist Thinker. Political Philosophy Now. University of Wales Press.
  • MCGRATH, A. E. (2001), A Scientific Theology: Nature. 1. Edinburgh; New York: T\&T Clark.
  • MCMAHON, Darrin M. (1998), “The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France”. Past and Present. No. 159 (May, p. 77-112).
  • MERRİAM-WEBSTER (2023), “liberty noun”. https://www.com/dictionary/liberty adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • NİETZSCHE, Friedrich (1877), Werke: Kristische Gesamtausgabe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • PASSWORD, F. (2006), “Secularism, Criticism, and Religious Studies Pedagogy”. Teaching Theology & Religion. 9 (4): 203–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9647.2006.00285.
  • STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDİA OF PHİLOSOPHY (2007), “Max Weber”. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDİA OF PHİLOSOPHY (2022), “Isaiah Berlin”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/#ConcLibe adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • STERNHELL, Zeev (2010), The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition. Translated by David Maisel. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.
  • TAYLOR, Charles. (1985), “What’s Wrong With Negative Liberty,” in Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 211-29.

ISAİAH BERLİN VE DÜŞÜNCELERİNİN YORUMU

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 275 - 290, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Isaiah Berlin, Rus-İngiliz sosyal ve politik teorisyen, filozof ve fikir tarihçisiydi. Yayınlanmak üzere yazmaya giderek daha fazla karşı olmasına rağmen, doğaçlama dersleri ve konuşmaları bazen kaydedilip yazıya geçirildi ve söylediği sözlerin çoğu hem kendisi hem de başkaları tarafından, özellikle de baş editörü tarafından yayınlanmış makalelere ve kitaplara dönüştürülmüştür. Çoğunlukla aydınlanmaya, romantizme, sosyalizme ve milliyetçiliğe dair düşünceleriyle tanınmaktadır. Rus edebiyatı ve felsefi düşüncesinin tercümanı olarak modern liberal siyaset felsefesinin kurucularından biridir. 1932’de yirmi üç yaşındayken Berlin, Oxford Üniversitesi All Souls College’ın üyesi olmuştur. Ivan Turgenev’in eserlerini Rusçadan İngilizceye çevirmiş, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında İngiliz diplomatik servisinde çalışmıştır. 1957’den 1967’ye kadar Oxford Üniversitesi’nde Sosyal ve Siyasi Teori alanında çalışmalar yapmıştır. 1963’ten 1964’e kadar Aristoteles Cemiyeti’nin başkanlığını yürütmüştür. 1974’ten 1978’e kadar İngiliz Akademisi’nin Başkanlığını yapmıştır. 1979’da yaşam boyu sivil özgürlükleri savunduğu için Kudüs Ödülü’nü almıştır. Berlin, Oxford Üniversitesi’nde sosyal siyaset bilimi profesörü olarak yaptığı açılış konuşmasında, daha sonra “İki Özgürlük Kavramı” makalesi şeklini alan ‘değer çoğulculuğu’ sezgisine dayanarak iki özgürlük kavramını tanımlamıştır. Değer çoğulculuğu; ‘olumlu’ ve ‘olumsuz’ şeklinde iki ayrı yönelimden oluşmaktadır. Berlin’e göre “negatif” özgürlük, bir kişinin veya bir grup insanın bilinçli arzularını gerçekleştirme niyetlerindeki eylemlerini engelleyen kısıtlamaların bulunmamasıdır. Buna karşılık, “pozitif” özgürlük, bir kişinin veya bir grup insanın, dış faktörlerin müdahalesi olmadan bağımsız olarak kendi kaderini belirleme yeteneği olarak yorumlanır. Tarihsel gelişim içinde bu şekilde tanıtılan iki özgürlük kavramı farklı yönlerde gelişti ve sonunda doğrudan çatışmaya/ karşılaşmaya ulaştı. Ancak her iki görüşün de doğallığını vurgulayan Berlin, “pozitif” özgürlük kavramının çoğu zaman siyasi istismarların temeli olabileceğini, çünkü bağımsız seçim arayışında insanların kararın doğruluğunu kolektif kavramlarla özdeşleştirme eğiliminde olduklarını tespit etmiştir. Yüksek aklın, dinin ya da devletin biçimi bu özgürlükler alanıyla belirlenmekteydi. Kant, Rousseau ve Hegel’in düşüncelerini “pozitif” özgürlük ekolüne bağlayan Berlin, bu tür fikirlerin gelişmesinin, özellikle 19.-20. yüzyıllarda özgürlüğün çeşitli siyasi kısıtlamalarla özdeşleştirilmesine yol açtığını söylemiştir. Bu makalede Isaiah Berlin’in düşünceleri yorumlayıcı (verstehende) bir yaklaşım çerçevesinde incelenecektir.

Ethical Statement

Makale için etik beyan gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • BERLİN, Isaiah (1958), Two Concepts of Liberty. Oxford University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (1990), Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (1997), Hardy, Henry; Hausheer, Roger (eds.). The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays. Chatto and Windus.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (2000), Three Critics of the Enlightenment. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (2002), Liberty. Oxford.
  • BERLİN, Isaiah (2003), Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder. (Henry Hardy, editor). Princeton University Press.
  • BERLİN, Isiah (2013), Ignatieff, Michael (ed.). The Hedgehog and the Fox An Essay on Tolstoy’s View of History (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
  • BLEİCH, D. (2006), “The Materiality of Reading”. New Literary History. 37 (3): 607–629. doi:10.1353/nlh.2006.0000.
  • BLEİCH, D. (2006), “The Materiality of Reading”. New Literary History. 37 (3): 607–629. doi:10.1353/nlh.2006.0000.
  • BROWN, Alan (1986), Modern Political Philosophy: Theories of the Just Society. Middlesex: Penguin Books. pp. 157-158.
  • CHERNİSS, Joshua & Hardy, Henry (25 May 2010), “Isaiah Berlin”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 March 2012. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/ adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • COSGROVE, Charles (2005), Cross-Cultural Paul. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
  • GARRARD, Graeme (2006), Counter-enlightenments: from the eighteenth century to the present. Abingdon [England]: Routledge.
  • HARDY, Henry (2013), “In the second edition of Isaiah Berlin”. Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Princeton University Press.
  • HUİ, A. (2013), “Horatio’s Philosophy in Hamlet”. Renaissance Drama, 41(12), 151-171.
  • IGNATİEFF, Michael (1998), Isaiah Berlin: A Life. London: Chatto and Windus.
  • JAHANBEGLOO, Ramin (1992), Conversations with Isaiah Berlin. Halban Publishers.
  • KOCİS, Robert (2022), Isaish Berlin: A Kantian and Post-Idealist Thinker. Political Philosophy Now. University of Wales Press.
  • MCGRATH, A. E. (2001), A Scientific Theology: Nature. 1. Edinburgh; New York: T\&T Clark.
  • MCMAHON, Darrin M. (1998), “The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France”. Past and Present. No. 159 (May, p. 77-112).
  • MERRİAM-WEBSTER (2023), “liberty noun”. https://www.com/dictionary/liberty adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • NİETZSCHE, Friedrich (1877), Werke: Kristische Gesamtausgabe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • PASSWORD, F. (2006), “Secularism, Criticism, and Religious Studies Pedagogy”. Teaching Theology & Religion. 9 (4): 203–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9647.2006.00285.
  • STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDİA OF PHİLOSOPHY (2007), “Max Weber”. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDİA OF PHİLOSOPHY (2022), “Isaiah Berlin”. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berlin/#ConcLibe adresinden 17.11.2023 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • STERNHELL, Zeev (2010), The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition. Translated by David Maisel. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.
  • TAYLOR, Charles. (1985), “What’s Wrong With Negative Liberty,” in Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 211-29.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Intellectual History of Politics, Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Arif Akbaş 0000-0002-8480-4350

Project Number -
Early Pub Date December 29, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 20, 2023
Acceptance Date December 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akbaş, A. (2023). ISAİAH BERLİN VE DÜŞÜNCELERİNİN YORUMU. Akademik MATBUAT, 7(2), 275-290.