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Afrīgh Dynasty: A Study on Khwārazmshāh Muhammad II’s Genealogy

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 151 - 172, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1276882

Abstract

This article examines the genealogy of Khwarazmshah Muhammad II who was dethroned and executed in 386/996 recorded in three parts by Bīrūnī. From the genealogy, it is understood that Khwarazmshah Muhammad II was the last representative of a deep-rooted dynasty that ruled Khwarazm uninterruptedly for 22 generations, starting from 305 A.D. According to Bīrūnī, this lineage originating from Afrīgh is of Iranian origin and is an extension of the Sassanid Dynasty. However, Bīrūnī did not give clear information about whether the names he recorded in his family tree were rulers. For this reason, the genealogy in question is perceived as a chronological list of Khwarazm rulers. On the other hand, many names in the list presented by Bīrūnī are not found in the inscriptions on the coins that have survived to the present day. This situation led to the fact that the genealogy recorded by Bīrūnī was viewed with suspicion. The article we present questions the names of the people in the family tree of Khwarazmshah Muhammad II with alternative written sources and numismatic findings to Bīrūnī. As a result, the seven names in the genealogy are historical figures and rulers; this genealogy should be regarded as consisting of Muhammad II's descendants, not an ordered list of the rulers who ruled Khwarazm; because it has been understood that there are also Khwarazmshahs who are members of the dynasty whose names are not mentioned in the genealogy, that the process of the succession of the throne from Afrīgh to Muhammad II can be explained and that the information recorded by Bīrūnī is consistent.

References

  • Anonim (1381 H.Ş.). Târîh-i Sîstân. (Thk. Melikü’ş-Şu‘arâ Muhammed Takî Bahâr). İntişârât-ı Ma‘în.
  • Belâzurî (1987). Fütûhü’l-büldân. (Ed. Abdullâh Enîs et-Tabbâ‘a ve ‘Ömer Enîs et-Tabbâ‘a). Mü‘essesetü’l-Me‘ârif.
  • Bîrûnî (2008). el-Âsârü’l-bâkiyye mine’l-kurûni’l-hâliyye. Mektebetü’s-Sekâfeti’d-Dîniyye.
  • Bosworth, C. E. (1984). Āl-e Afrīḡ. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 1/7, s. 743-745). Routledge & Kegan Paul. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-afrig
  • Fedorov, M. (2004). Money circulation of Khwarezm in the early-mediaeval period (6th-first half of 8th centuries AD.). Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter, (179), 16-24. https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_179.pdf
  • Fedorov, M. (2005). Notes on the numismatics of ancient Khwarezm. Revue Numismatique, (161), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.3406/numi.2005.2598
  • Fedorov, M. (2006a). First reported find of an early medieval Khwarezmian drachm in the Kyrgyz Republic. American Journal of Numismatics (1989-), (18), 123-130. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43580527
  • Fedorov, M. (2006b). The ancient kings of Ḵwārezm chronology and succession. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, (38), 347-354. https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/000845896
  • Fedorov, M., & Kuznetsov, A. (2011). On some previously unknown Khwarazmian drachms and the names of ruler on them. Iran, (49), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2011.11834430
  • Frye, R. N. (1949). Notes on the early coinage of Transoxiana. Numismatic Notes and Monographs, (113), 1-39, 41-49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43607329
  • Frye, R. N. (1950). Additional notes on the early coinage of Transoxiana. Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society), (4), 105-114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43573318
  • Frye, R. N., & Henning, W. B. (1957). Additional notes on the early coinage of Transoxiana II. Museum Notes (ANS), (7), 231-238. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43574194
  • Yâkût Hamavî (1993). Mu’cemü’l-üdebâ – İrşâdü’l-erîb ilâ ma’rifeti’l-edîb. C. 5. (Thk. İhsân ‘Abbâs). Dârü’l-Ğarbi’l-İslâmî.
  • Ismailov, Sh., Abdirimov, R., Sadullaev, B., & Sabirov, S. (2022). The coins of Khorezmshah in the treasure of the Vikings. International Journal of Special Education, 37(2), 281-287. https://www.internationaljournalofspecialeducation.com/ijse/article/view/94/22
  • İbn A’sem (1991). Kitâbü’l-fütûh. C. 7. (Thk. ‘Alî Sîrî). Dârü’l-Edvâ’.
  • İbn Fadlân (2003). Rıhletu İbn Fadlân ilâ bilâdi’t-Türk ve’r-Rûs ve’s-Sekâlibe. Dârü’s-Süveyde.
  • Kočnev, B. D. (2002). Numismatische geschichte Choresms (Ḫwārazm) im 9.-10. jahrhundert. İçinde M. Szuppe (Ed.), Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 septembre 1999, vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne (s. 255-266). Peeters/AAEI (Studia Iranica, Cahier 26).
  • Kurt, H. (2010). Tâhirîler. İçinde Türkiye diyanet vakfı İslam ansiklopedisi (C. 39, s. 403-404). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr
  • Kuznetsov, A. (2014). Silver coins of Khwarezmshah Savshafan. Izdatelstvo Avtorskaya.
  • Kuznetsov, A., & Fedorov, M. (2013). Late drachms of the Khwārazmshāh Azkājvār and imitations of such drachms. Iran, 51(1), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2013.11834727
  • Linder-Welin, U. S. (1961). The coins from Khwarazm and the Swedish Viking age hoards. Meddelanden från Lunds universitets historiska museum, 155-179.
  • Livshits, V. A. (1968). The Khwarezmian calendar and the eras of ancient Chorasmia. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scuntiarum Hungaricae, 26(1-4), 433-446. http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/a_livshits_03.pdf
  • Livşits, V. A. (1965). Novıye pamyatniki Horezmiskoy pismennosti i nekotoriye problemı istorii Horezma. İçinde Pismennıye pamyatniki i problemı istorii kulturı narodov vostoka – Tezisı dokladov I-godiçnoy nauçnoy sessii LO İNA mart 1965 goda (s. 18-21). Akademiya Nauk SSSR.
  • Özcan, E. S. (2013). Ebû’r-Reyhân Muhammed bin Ahmed el-Bîrûnî’nin hayatı (973-1061). Milel ve Nihâl, 10(3), 9-24. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/227421
  • Sachau, Ed. (1873). Zur geschichte und chronologie von Khwârizm. (C. 1). Buchhändler der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Taberî (1967). Târîhü’t-Taberî. C. 6. (Thk. Ebû’l-Fazl İbrâhîm). Dârü’t-Turâs.
  • Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Drevniy Horezm. İzdaniye MGU.
  • Tolstov, S. P. (1938). Monetı şahov drevnego Horezma i drevnehorezmiyskiy alfavit. Vestnik Drevney Istorii, 4(5), 120-145.
  • Utbî (1334 H.Ş.). Târîh-i Yemînî. (Frs. Çev. Ebû’ş-Şeref Nâsıh b. Zafer Curfâdekânî). Kitâbfurûşî İbn Sînâ.
  • Vainberg, B. I. (1977). Monety drevnego Khorezma, (Ed. S. A. Trudnovskaya, G. A. Fedorov-Davidov). Izdatelstvo Nauka.
  • Ya’kûbî (2010). Târûhü’l-Ya’kûbî. C. 2. (Thk. ‘Abdü’l-Emîr Mühennâ). ‘Alâ‘alamî.
  • Ying, L. (2000-1). Some Chinese sources on the Khazars and Khwarazm. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, (11), 339-364.
  • Zeimal, E. V. (1994). The circulation of coins in Central Asia during the early medieval period (fifth-eighth centuries A.D.). Bulletin of the Asia Institute – New Series, (8), 245-267. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048777

Afrîğ Hanedanı: Hârezmşâh II. Muhammed’in Soyağacı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 151 - 172, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1276882

Abstract

Bu makale 386/996 senesinde iktidardan düşürülerek idam edilen Hârezmşâh II. Muhammed’in Bîrûnî tarafından üç parça halinde kaydedilen soyağacını incelemektedir. Mezkûr soyağacından Hârezmşâh II. Muhammed’in M. 305 yılından başlayarak 22 nesil boyunca Hârezm’e kesintisiz bir şekilde hükmeden köklü bir hanedanın son temsilcisi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bîrûnî’ye göre Afrîğ’den neşet eden bu silsile İrânî kökenli olup Sâsânî Hanedanının uzantısıdır. Ancak Bîrûnî, soyağacında kaydettiği isimlerin hükümdarlar olup olmadıklarına dair net bilgiler vermemiştir. Bu nedenle söz konusu şecere, Hârezm hükümdarlarının kronolojik listesi gibi algılanmaktadır. Diğer taraftan Bîrûnî’nin sunduğu listedeki birçok isme günümüze intikal edebilen sikkelerdeki yazıtlarda rastlanmamaktadır. Bu durum Bîrûnî’nin kaydettiği şecerenin şüpheyle karşılanması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Sunduğumuz makale, Hârezmşâh II. Muhammed’in soyağacındaki kişi adlarını Bîrûnî’ye alternatif yazılı kaynaklar ve nümismatik bulgular ile sorgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak şeceredeki yedi ismin tarihi şahsiyetler ve hükümdarlar oldukları; bu şecerenin Hârezm’e hakim olan hükümdarların sıralı bir listesi değil, II. Muhammed’in soyundan geldiği atalarından ibaret sayılması gerektiği; zira şecerede adları zikredilmeyen hanedan mensubu Hârezmşâhların da bulunduğu, tahtın Afrîğ’den II. Muhammed’e intikal sürecinin açıklanabildiği ve Bîrûnî’nin kaydettiği bilgilerin tutarlı oldukları anlaşılmıştır.

References

  • Anonim (1381 H.Ş.). Târîh-i Sîstân. (Thk. Melikü’ş-Şu‘arâ Muhammed Takî Bahâr). İntişârât-ı Ma‘în.
  • Belâzurî (1987). Fütûhü’l-büldân. (Ed. Abdullâh Enîs et-Tabbâ‘a ve ‘Ömer Enîs et-Tabbâ‘a). Mü‘essesetü’l-Me‘ârif.
  • Bîrûnî (2008). el-Âsârü’l-bâkiyye mine’l-kurûni’l-hâliyye. Mektebetü’s-Sekâfeti’d-Dîniyye.
  • Bosworth, C. E. (1984). Āl-e Afrīḡ. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 1/7, s. 743-745). Routledge & Kegan Paul. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-afrig
  • Fedorov, M. (2004). Money circulation of Khwarezm in the early-mediaeval period (6th-first half of 8th centuries AD.). Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter, (179), 16-24. https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_179.pdf
  • Fedorov, M. (2005). Notes on the numismatics of ancient Khwarezm. Revue Numismatique, (161), 163-175. https://doi.org/10.3406/numi.2005.2598
  • Fedorov, M. (2006a). First reported find of an early medieval Khwarezmian drachm in the Kyrgyz Republic. American Journal of Numismatics (1989-), (18), 123-130. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43580527
  • Fedorov, M. (2006b). The ancient kings of Ḵwārezm chronology and succession. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, (38), 347-354. https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/000845896
  • Fedorov, M., & Kuznetsov, A. (2011). On some previously unknown Khwarazmian drachms and the names of ruler on them. Iran, (49), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2011.11834430
  • Frye, R. N. (1949). Notes on the early coinage of Transoxiana. Numismatic Notes and Monographs, (113), 1-39, 41-49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43607329
  • Frye, R. N. (1950). Additional notes on the early coinage of Transoxiana. Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society), (4), 105-114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43573318
  • Frye, R. N., & Henning, W. B. (1957). Additional notes on the early coinage of Transoxiana II. Museum Notes (ANS), (7), 231-238. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43574194
  • Yâkût Hamavî (1993). Mu’cemü’l-üdebâ – İrşâdü’l-erîb ilâ ma’rifeti’l-edîb. C. 5. (Thk. İhsân ‘Abbâs). Dârü’l-Ğarbi’l-İslâmî.
  • Ismailov, Sh., Abdirimov, R., Sadullaev, B., & Sabirov, S. (2022). The coins of Khorezmshah in the treasure of the Vikings. International Journal of Special Education, 37(2), 281-287. https://www.internationaljournalofspecialeducation.com/ijse/article/view/94/22
  • İbn A’sem (1991). Kitâbü’l-fütûh. C. 7. (Thk. ‘Alî Sîrî). Dârü’l-Edvâ’.
  • İbn Fadlân (2003). Rıhletu İbn Fadlân ilâ bilâdi’t-Türk ve’r-Rûs ve’s-Sekâlibe. Dârü’s-Süveyde.
  • Kočnev, B. D. (2002). Numismatische geschichte Choresms (Ḫwārazm) im 9.-10. jahrhundert. İçinde M. Szuppe (Ed.), Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 septembre 1999, vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne (s. 255-266). Peeters/AAEI (Studia Iranica, Cahier 26).
  • Kurt, H. (2010). Tâhirîler. İçinde Türkiye diyanet vakfı İslam ansiklopedisi (C. 39, s. 403-404). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr
  • Kuznetsov, A. (2014). Silver coins of Khwarezmshah Savshafan. Izdatelstvo Avtorskaya.
  • Kuznetsov, A., & Fedorov, M. (2013). Late drachms of the Khwārazmshāh Azkājvār and imitations of such drachms. Iran, 51(1), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2013.11834727
  • Linder-Welin, U. S. (1961). The coins from Khwarazm and the Swedish Viking age hoards. Meddelanden från Lunds universitets historiska museum, 155-179.
  • Livshits, V. A. (1968). The Khwarezmian calendar and the eras of ancient Chorasmia. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scuntiarum Hungaricae, 26(1-4), 433-446. http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/a_livshits_03.pdf
  • Livşits, V. A. (1965). Novıye pamyatniki Horezmiskoy pismennosti i nekotoriye problemı istorii Horezma. İçinde Pismennıye pamyatniki i problemı istorii kulturı narodov vostoka – Tezisı dokladov I-godiçnoy nauçnoy sessii LO İNA mart 1965 goda (s. 18-21). Akademiya Nauk SSSR.
  • Özcan, E. S. (2013). Ebû’r-Reyhân Muhammed bin Ahmed el-Bîrûnî’nin hayatı (973-1061). Milel ve Nihâl, 10(3), 9-24. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/227421
  • Sachau, Ed. (1873). Zur geschichte und chronologie von Khwârizm. (C. 1). Buchhändler der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Taberî (1967). Târîhü’t-Taberî. C. 6. (Thk. Ebû’l-Fazl İbrâhîm). Dârü’t-Turâs.
  • Tolstov, S. P. (1948). Drevniy Horezm. İzdaniye MGU.
  • Tolstov, S. P. (1938). Monetı şahov drevnego Horezma i drevnehorezmiyskiy alfavit. Vestnik Drevney Istorii, 4(5), 120-145.
  • Utbî (1334 H.Ş.). Târîh-i Yemînî. (Frs. Çev. Ebû’ş-Şeref Nâsıh b. Zafer Curfâdekânî). Kitâbfurûşî İbn Sînâ.
  • Vainberg, B. I. (1977). Monety drevnego Khorezma, (Ed. S. A. Trudnovskaya, G. A. Fedorov-Davidov). Izdatelstvo Nauka.
  • Ya’kûbî (2010). Târûhü’l-Ya’kûbî. C. 2. (Thk. ‘Abdü’l-Emîr Mühennâ). ‘Alâ‘alamî.
  • Ying, L. (2000-1). Some Chinese sources on the Khazars and Khwarazm. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, (11), 339-364.
  • Zeimal, E. V. (1994). The circulation of coins in Central Asia during the early medieval period (fifth-eighth centuries A.D.). Bulletin of the Asia Institute – New Series, (8), 245-267. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048777
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Contemporary History of Iran
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Aykut Özbayraktar 0000-0001-9804-7875

Early Pub Date June 23, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbayraktar, A. (2023). Afrîğ Hanedanı: Hârezmşâh II. Muhammed’in Soyağacı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1276882

Cited By

АFRIGʼIYLAR SULOLASI TARIXINING TURK TILLI TADQIQOTLARDA YORITILISHI
Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари / Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук / Actual Problems of Humanities and Social Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V4SI1Y2024N03

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