Abstract
Bu çalışmada,
silahlı çatışmaların yeni ve değişen koşullarında balistik koruyucu malzeme
standartlarının önemine ve etkinliğine odaklanılmıştır. Balistik koruyucu
malzemelerin koruma yetenekleri ve seviyeleri, geçerlilikleri kanıtlanmış
ulusal veya uluslararası balistik koruyucu malzeme standartları doğrultusunda
belirlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bölgesel silahlı çatışmaların tehdit
özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimin bölgesel farklılıkları nedeniyle, tek
bir uluslararası balistik koruyucu malzeme standardı tüm bölgeler ve tehditler
için yeterli olamamaktadır. Terörist gruplar, farklı kaynaklardan ve ülkelerden
silah ve mühimmat temin etmektedirler. Örneğin, NATO ve eski Varşova Paktı
kaynaklı silah ve mühimmatların aynı anda terör örgütleri tarafından
kullanıldıkları görülebilmektedir, ayrıca silah ve mühimmat alışverişi PKK /
YPG, DAEŞ ve Taliban gibi terör örgütleri arasında sıradan bir ticari faaliyet
haline gelmiştir. Bu durum güvenlik güçlerinin karşılaştıkları tehdidin
çeşitliliğini arttıran bir diğer sebeptir. Türkiye’de ve komşu bölgelerde
farklı menşeili saldırı, piyade ve keskin nişancı tüfekleri, hafif ve ağır
makineli tüfekler ile EYB'lerin terör örgütleri tarafından yoğun şekilde
kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Bu
kadar geniş bir tehdit yelpazesinin olduğu bir coğrafyada kullanılacak balistik
koruyucu malzeme standardının gerçek çatışma koşullarındaki mevcut tehditlere
ve yeni gelişecek tehditlere karşı koruma sağlaması için esnek bir yapıda
olması gerekmektedir. Değişken ve geniş yelpazedeki tehditlere göre, ulusal
balistik koruyucu malzeme standartlarının hazırlanması önceye nazaran daha
kritik hale gelmiştir. Ulusal balistik koruyucu malzeme standartlarının
etkinliği ve geçerliliği için bağımsız ve uluslararası akreditasyona sahip ulusal
bir balistik test merkezi kurulması şarttır. Bu söz konusu merkezin test
yöntemlerinin hazırlanması, doğrulanması ve uygulanması için ulusal otorite
olması hedeflenmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, ulusal balistik standardı
kapsamında tehdit/koruma seviyelerinin çerçevesi ve ulusal balistik test
merkezinin asgari şartları ifade edilmiştir.
Keywords
Terminal Balistik Vücut Zırhı Balistik Koruyucu Ekipman Standartları Balistik Test Merkezi Meskun Mahal Çatışmaları
References
- Bolduc, M., Jager, H. (2016). Summary of Newly Ratified NATO Standard AEP 2920, Ed. A, V1, Personal Armour Systems Symposium PASS 2016 Proceeding Book (pp.25-40), Amsterdam
- Burke, J., (2018). Military grade firearms increasingly available to terrorists in Europe – report. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/18/arms-race-criminal-gangs-helping-terrorists-get-weapons-report-warns
- Conflict Armament Research (2016). Standardisation and Quality Control in Islamic State’s Military Production, London
- Conflict Armament Research (2017). Weapons Of The Islamic State; A three-year investigation in Iraq and Syria, London
- Cragin, K., Chalk P., Daly, S., Jackson, B. (2007). Sharing the dragon’s teeth: terrorist groups and the exchange of new technologies RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
- Eurexcert, (2019).What is GOST, and GOST-R ?. (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019 http://www.eurexcert.com/E-G-WhatisGOST.html
- European Standards (1999) European Norm DIN EN 1522 (1999-02) Windows, doors, shutters and blinds - Bullet resistance - Requirements and classification
- European Standards (1999) European Norm DIN EN 1523 (1999-02) Windows, doors, shutters and blinds - Bullet resistance - Test method and classification
- European Standards (2000). European Norm DIN EN 1063 (2000-01) Security Glazing Testing and Classification of Resistance against Bullet Attack
- Friese L. (2016). Emerging Unmanned Threats: The use of commercially-available UAVs by armed non-state actors, Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd Utrecht,
- Greene, M., Horlick, J., Longhurst, D., Miller, L., O’Shea, M., Otterson, D., Robinson, C., Stoe, D., Sundstrom, R. (2018) The Next Revision of the NIJ Performance Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Body Armour, NIJ Standard 0101.07: Changes to Test Methods and Test Threats, Personal Armour Systems Symposium PASS 2018 Proceeding Book (pp.1-7), Washington
- Haber7.com (2018), Terör örgütü PKK taktiği DAEŞ'ten alıyor! Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2019, http://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/2768220-teror-orgutu-pkk-taktigi-daesten-aliyor
- Johnson, D., Wade, M., Shanno, B., (2013). The 2008 battle of Sadr City: reimagining urban combat RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
- McCollum I. (2017). Craft-produced anti-materiel rifles in service with Kurdish YPG, Arment Research Service, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Şubat 2019, http://armamentresearch.com/craft-produced-anti-materiel-rifles-in-service-with-kurdish-ypg/
- Milliyet (2019). Terör örgütü PKK, elinde tuttuğu Irak veSuriye sınırındaki bölgelerde silah ticareti yapıyor.
- National Institute of Justice (1981), NIJ 0106.00 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Helmets, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (1985), NIJ 0108.01 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (2000), NIJ 0115.00 NIJ Standard for Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (2001), NIJ 0101.04 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (2008), NIJ 0101.06 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- NATO Standardization Agency (2012), STANAG 4569 Protection Levels for Occupants of Logistic and Light Armoured Vehicles Standard determined and standardized the protection levels and threats
- Payne, T., Rourke, S.O., Malbon, C., Smith, G., Ollet, E., (2018) Home Office Body Armour Standard (2017) – Scientific Rationale, Personal Armour Systems Symposium PASS 2018 Proceeding Book (pp.8-20), Washington
- TNP (Turkish National Police) 2018, Licensed Firearms Statistics (Unpublished)
- Vautravers, A. (2010, June). Military operations in urban areas, Internatonal Review of Redcross, 92 (878), 437-452. doi:10.1017/S1816383110000366
- Villner, V. (2017). Fighting in the Streets; Testing Theory on Urban Warfighting, (Unpublished Master Thesis). Swedish Defense University, Stockholm
- VPAM The Association of Anti Attack Materials and Constructions, (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2019, http://www.vpam.eu/
THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL BALLISTIC RESISTANT EQUIPMENT STANDARDS AND NATIONAL BALLISTIC TEST CENTRE
Abstract
This paper aims
to present the the importance and effectiveness of ballistic protective
material (BRM) standards in the new and changing conditions of armed conflict. The protection capabilities and levels of ballistic
protective materials are determined in accordance with nationally or
internationally proven BRM standards. However, due to the regional differences
of the changes in the threat characteristics of regional armed conflicts,
single international BRM standard is not sufficient for all regions and
threats. Terrorist groups provide weapons and ammunition though different
sources and countries. For instance, it is observed that NATO and former Warsaw
Pact origin weapons and ammunition were also used by terrorist organizations.
In addition to this, the exchange of arms and ammunition has become an ordinary
trade activity among terrorist organizations such as PKK/YPG, ISIS and Taliban.
That situaiton is another reason that increases the diversity of threats the
security forces face. The assault, infantry and sniper rifles, light and heavy machine guns,
and IEDs from the different origin in the neighbouring regions and inside of
Turkey are intensively used by the terrorist organizations.
The BRM standard to
be used in a geography with a wide spectrum of threats needs to be flexible for
providing protection against current and emerging threats in real conflict
conditions. Because of the diversity and wide range of threats, the national
BRM standards became more critical than before. For the effectiveness and
validity of national BRM standards, an independent and internationally
accredited national ballistic test centre should be established. This centre is
intended to be a national authority for the preparation, verification and
implementation of test methods. Within this study, the framework of the
threat/protection levels and the minimum requirements of the national ballistic
test centre are mentioned within the scope of the national ballistic standard.
Keywords
Terminal Ballistics Body Armour Ballistic Resistant Equipment Standards Ballistic Test Centre Urban Warfare
References
- Bolduc, M., Jager, H. (2016). Summary of Newly Ratified NATO Standard AEP 2920, Ed. A, V1, Personal Armour Systems Symposium PASS 2016 Proceeding Book (pp.25-40), Amsterdam
- Burke, J., (2018). Military grade firearms increasingly available to terrorists in Europe – report. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/18/arms-race-criminal-gangs-helping-terrorists-get-weapons-report-warns
- Conflict Armament Research (2016). Standardisation and Quality Control in Islamic State’s Military Production, London
- Conflict Armament Research (2017). Weapons Of The Islamic State; A three-year investigation in Iraq and Syria, London
- Cragin, K., Chalk P., Daly, S., Jackson, B. (2007). Sharing the dragon’s teeth: terrorist groups and the exchange of new technologies RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
- Eurexcert, (2019).What is GOST, and GOST-R ?. (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019 http://www.eurexcert.com/E-G-WhatisGOST.html
- European Standards (1999) European Norm DIN EN 1522 (1999-02) Windows, doors, shutters and blinds - Bullet resistance - Requirements and classification
- European Standards (1999) European Norm DIN EN 1523 (1999-02) Windows, doors, shutters and blinds - Bullet resistance - Test method and classification
- European Standards (2000). European Norm DIN EN 1063 (2000-01) Security Glazing Testing and Classification of Resistance against Bullet Attack
- Friese L. (2016). Emerging Unmanned Threats: The use of commercially-available UAVs by armed non-state actors, Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd Utrecht,
- Greene, M., Horlick, J., Longhurst, D., Miller, L., O’Shea, M., Otterson, D., Robinson, C., Stoe, D., Sundstrom, R. (2018) The Next Revision of the NIJ Performance Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Body Armour, NIJ Standard 0101.07: Changes to Test Methods and Test Threats, Personal Armour Systems Symposium PASS 2018 Proceeding Book (pp.1-7), Washington
- Haber7.com (2018), Terör örgütü PKK taktiği DAEŞ'ten alıyor! Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2019, http://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/2768220-teror-orgutu-pkk-taktigi-daesten-aliyor
- Johnson, D., Wade, M., Shanno, B., (2013). The 2008 battle of Sadr City: reimagining urban combat RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
- McCollum I. (2017). Craft-produced anti-materiel rifles in service with Kurdish YPG, Arment Research Service, Erişim Tarihi: 01 Şubat 2019, http://armamentresearch.com/craft-produced-anti-materiel-rifles-in-service-with-kurdish-ypg/
- Milliyet (2019). Terör örgütü PKK, elinde tuttuğu Irak veSuriye sınırındaki bölgelerde silah ticareti yapıyor.
- National Institute of Justice (1981), NIJ 0106.00 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Helmets, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (1985), NIJ 0108.01 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (2000), NIJ 0115.00 NIJ Standard for Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (2001), NIJ 0101.04 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- National Institute of Justice (2008), NIJ 0101.06 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington
- NATO Standardization Agency (2012), STANAG 4569 Protection Levels for Occupants of Logistic and Light Armoured Vehicles Standard determined and standardized the protection levels and threats
- Payne, T., Rourke, S.O., Malbon, C., Smith, G., Ollet, E., (2018) Home Office Body Armour Standard (2017) – Scientific Rationale, Personal Armour Systems Symposium PASS 2018 Proceeding Book (pp.8-20), Washington
- TNP (Turkish National Police) 2018, Licensed Firearms Statistics (Unpublished)
- Vautravers, A. (2010, June). Military operations in urban areas, Internatonal Review of Redcross, 92 (878), 437-452. doi:10.1017/S1816383110000366
- Villner, V. (2017). Fighting in the Streets; Testing Theory on Urban Warfighting, (Unpublished Master Thesis). Swedish Defense University, Stockholm
- VPAM The Association of Anti Attack Materials and Constructions, (2019). Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2019, http://www.vpam.eu/
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 14, 2019 |
| Submission Date | February 25, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 - Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi IDEF Özel Sayı |
Cited By
The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.