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The European Union’s Cooperation with the Accession Countries (Western Balkans and Turkey) to Deal with the Refugee Crisis

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 208 - 237, 30.12.2021

Abstract

The huge flow of migrants to Europe in 2015 created an unprecedented irregular migration pressure over many European countries and labeled frequently as the refugee crisis. The initial reaction of the EU member states to this development became to take individual measures, such as strengthening or re-launching border controls. The failure of these responses taken at the national level and the rising existential threat towards the Schengen regime motivated the EU member states and institutions to search for a common European solution by resorting to the migration cooperation developing since the mid-1980s. After the ineffectiveness of the common measures in producing the expected outcomes, the EU decided to develop further its on-going migration cooperation with the accession countries in the Western Balkans and Turkey. This study aims to examine the EU’s migration cooperation with the accession countries within the scope of the refugee crisis. After providing a short account of the intra-EU measures, the study analyses the migration cooperation with the Western Balkan countries and Turkey respectively.

References

  • Akın, Ş. and Akın, H. B. (2017). The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Turkey-EU Relations: Responses in Politics. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(32), p. 141-150.
  • Amnesty International .(2017). Croatia 2016/2017. Erişim adresi: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58b0340a2d.html.
  • Aybars, A. İ., Copeland, P. and Tsahouras, D. (2019). Europeanization without Substance? EU–Turkey Relations and Gender Equality in Employment. Comparative European Politics. 17, p. 778-796.
  • Bilgiç, A. and Pace, M. (2017). The European Union and Refugees: A Struggle over the Fate of Europe. Global Affairs, p. 1-9.
  • Carrera, S., Blockmans, S., Gros, D. and Guild, E. (2015). The EU’s Response to the Refugee Crisis: Taking Stock and Setting Policy Priorities. CEPS Essay, 20.
  • Carrera, S. and Den Hertog, L. (2016). A European Border and Coast Guard: What is in a Name?. CEPS Paper, 88.
  • Collyer, M. and King, R. (2016). Narrating Europe’s migration and refugee ‘crisis'. Human Geography: A New Radical Journal, 9(2), p. 1-12.
  • Cristiani, J. Z. (2017). Containing the Refugee Crisis: How the EU Turned the Balkans and Turkey into an EU Borderland. The International Spectator, 52(4), p. 1-17.
  • Dagi, D. (2018). EU's refugee crisis: from supra-nationalism to nationalism. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 3(3), p. 9-19.
  • Domachowska, A. (2019). The Refugee Crisis and the Western Balkan Route – the Case of Macedonia. Sosnowska, G., Pachocka, M. and Katarzyna, J. M. (Ed) in Muslim Minorities and Refugee Crisis in Europe (p. 51-68). Warsaw: SGH Publishing House.
  • Dragostinova, T. (2016). Refugees or Immigrants? The Migration Crisis in Europe in Historical Perspective. Origins, 9(4). Erişim adresi: https://origins.osu.edu/print/3807.
  • Eralp, N. A. (2016). Challenges of the German Led Refugee Deal between Turkey and the EU. CESifo Forum 2, p. 21-24.
  • European Commission. (2015a). A European Agenda on Migration. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf.
  • --- .(2015b). EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_15_5860.
  • --- .(2015c). Western Balkans Migration Route: 17-Point Action Plan. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/cs/IP_15_5904.
  • --- .(2016a). Back to Schengen: Commission Proposes A Roadmap for Restoring Fully Functioning Schengen System. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_585.
  • --- .(2016b). First Report on the Progress Made in the Implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package/docs/20160420/report_implementation_eu-turkey_agreement_nr_01_en.pdf.
  • European Council. (2015). Erişim Adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/jha/2015/07/20/.
  • --- .(2016a). EU-Turkey Statement 18 March 2016. Erişim adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/.
  • --- .(2016b). Erişim adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Record Number of Over 1.2 Million First Time Asylum Seekers Registered in 2015. Erişim adresi: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7203832/3-0403 2016-AP-EN.pdf/790eba01-381c-4163-bcd2-a54959b99ed6.
  • Feijen, L. (2008). Facing the Asylum-Enlargement Nexus: the Establishment of Asylum Systems in the Western Balkans. International Journal of Refugee Law, 20(3), p. 413-431.
  • Fisseha, M. (2017). Syrian Refugee Crisis, from Turkey to European Union – Methods and Challenge. Journal of Community Positive Practices, 17(3), p. 34-57.
  • Genç, D. (2017). A Paradox in EU Migration Management. Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, Special Issue: Migration Waves in Eastern Europe (1990-2015), p. 237−248.
  • Guild, E., Brouwer, E., Groenendijk, K. and Carrera, S. (2015). What is Happening to the Schengen Borders?. CEPS Paper, 86.
  • Haferlach, L. and Kurban, D. (2017). Lessons Learnt from the EU-Turkey Refugee Agreement in Guiding EU Migration Partnerships with Origin and Transit Countries. Global Policy, 8(1), p. 85-93.
  • Hampshire, J. (2015). Europe’s Migration Crisis. Political Insight, p. 8-11.
  • Hodge, C. (2016). A Perfect Storm: Europe in The Grip of Two Crises. Conference of Defense Association Institute Paper, 21(1), p. 16-22.
  • Jureković, P. (2016). The International Refugee Crisis as a Challenge for the Western Balkans. IFK Monitor.
  • Kakışım, C. and Erdoğan, S. (2018). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri ve 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimin Ardından Yaşanan Gelişmeler. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(18), p. 399-420.
  • Kekenovski, J. (2016). Republic of Macedonia and Refugee Crisis - Between the Hammer and the Anvil. Horisons, 19, p. 7-22.
  • Keyman, E. F. (2016). Turkey at the Heart of the Refugee and ISIL Crises: Can the Buffer State Be Solution. Review of International Law and Politics, 12(1), p. 5-12.
  • Koroutchev, R. (2016). The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Europe. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 1(1), p. 26-37.
  • Liperi, M. S. (2019). The EU’s Externalisation of Migration Management Undermines Stabilisation in the Western Balkans. IAI Commentary, 19.
  • Meç, M. H. (2016). Irregular Migration Flows and Human Trafficking in the Western Balkan Countries: Challenges of the Covergence of Counter-trafficking Response. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 1(1), p. 38-48.
  • Milan, C. (2018). Refugees at the Gates of the EU: Civic Initiatives and Grassroots Responses to the Refugee Crisis along the Western Balkans Route. Journal of Balkans and Near Eastern Studies, 21, p. 1-18.
  • Miscevic, T. and Mrak, M. (2017). The EU Accession Process: Western Balkans vs. EU-10. Croatian Political Science Review, 54(4), p. 185-204.
  • Mitrovic, O. (2015). Mass Influx of the Syrian Asylum Seekers and the European Asylum Crisis: Dealing with the Emerging Challenges in Serbia. Regional Open Society Foundations Alumni Conference, Belgrade.
  • Okyay, A. and Zaragoza-Cristiani, J. (2016). The Leverage of the Gatekeeper: Power and Interdependence in the Migration Nexus between the EU and Turkey. The International Spectator, 51(4), p. 51-66.
  • Orrenius, P. M. and Zavodny, M. (2016). Irregular Immigration in the European Union. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Research Department Working Paper, 1603.
  • Pastore, F. (2018). From Source to Corridor: Changing Geopolitical Narratives about Migration and EU-Western Balkans Relations. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 21, p. 1-16.
  • Popescu, A. (2016). The EU Costs of the Refugee Crisis. Europolity, 10(1), p. 105-120.
  • Saatçioğlu, B. (2019). The European Union’s Refugee Crisis and Rising Functionalism in EU-Turkey Relations. Turkish Studies, 21(2), p. 1-19.
  • Šabıć, S. Š. (2017). The Impact of the Refugee Crisis in the Balkans: A Drift Towards Security. Journal of Regional Security, 12(1), p. 51–74.
  • Savkovic, M. (2019). Frontex and the Western Balkans: A New Actor on the External Border of the EU. European Western Balkans. Erişim adresi: https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/12/02/frontex-and-the-western-balkans-a-new-actor-on-the-external-border-of-the-eu/. Selçuk, M. (2017). Migrants Crisis in Southeast Europe. Jurnal Sospol, 3(2), p. 139-149.
  • Uras, U. (2020). Turkey, EU and the Imperilled Refugee Deal. Aljazeera. Erişim tarihi: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/turkey-eu-imperilled-refugee-deal-200302085719576.html.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). Over One Million Sea Arrivals Reach Europe. Erişim adresi: http://www.unhcr.org/5683d0b56.html.
  • Zingg, G. (2016). The Consequences of Schengen’s Collapse: Populist Shortsightedness and the Future of European Security. IED.

Avrupa Birliğinin Mülteci Kriziyle Başa Çıkmak İçin Katılım Ülkeleri (Batı Balkanlar ve Türkiye) ile İş Birliği

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 208 - 237, 30.12.2021

Abstract

T2015 yılında tarihsel süreçte daha önce hiç görülmemiş yüksek sayılarda göçmenin Avrupa’ya erişmesi, birçok Avrupa ülkesi üzerinde büyük bir göç baskısı yaratmış ve sıklıkla mülteci krizi olarak anılmıştır. AB üyesi ülkelerin bu gelişmeye ilk tepkileri, sınır kontrollerini güçlendirmek ya da geri getirmek gibi bireysel tepkiler benimsemek olmuştur. Ulusal düzeyde alınan tedbirlerin etkinsizliği ve Schengen rejimine yönelik artan varlıksal tehdit, AB üyesi ülkeleri ve Birlik kurumlarını 1980’lerin ortalarından itibaren gelişen göç iş birliği mekanizmasına başvurarak ortak bir Avrupa çözümü geliştirmeye yöneltmiştir. Alınan ortak tedbirlerin beklenen sonucu ortaya çıkarmakta yetersiz kalması, AB’yi Batı Balkanlarda yer alan katılım ülkeleri ve Türkiye ile halihazırda devam eden göç iş birliğini ilerletmeye sevk etmiştir. Bu çalışmada AB’nin mülteci krizi bağlamında Batı Balkan ülkeleri ve Türkiye ile göç alanında kurduğu iş birlikleri incelenmektedir. AB çatısı altında alınan tedbirlerden kısaca bahsedildikten sonra, Batı Balkan ülkeleri ve Türkiye ile yapılan göç işbirlikleri sırasıyla ele alınmaktadır.

References

  • Akın, Ş. and Akın, H. B. (2017). The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Turkey-EU Relations: Responses in Politics. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(32), p. 141-150.
  • Amnesty International .(2017). Croatia 2016/2017. Erişim adresi: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58b0340a2d.html.
  • Aybars, A. İ., Copeland, P. and Tsahouras, D. (2019). Europeanization without Substance? EU–Turkey Relations and Gender Equality in Employment. Comparative European Politics. 17, p. 778-796.
  • Bilgiç, A. and Pace, M. (2017). The European Union and Refugees: A Struggle over the Fate of Europe. Global Affairs, p. 1-9.
  • Carrera, S., Blockmans, S., Gros, D. and Guild, E. (2015). The EU’s Response to the Refugee Crisis: Taking Stock and Setting Policy Priorities. CEPS Essay, 20.
  • Carrera, S. and Den Hertog, L. (2016). A European Border and Coast Guard: What is in a Name?. CEPS Paper, 88.
  • Collyer, M. and King, R. (2016). Narrating Europe’s migration and refugee ‘crisis'. Human Geography: A New Radical Journal, 9(2), p. 1-12.
  • Cristiani, J. Z. (2017). Containing the Refugee Crisis: How the EU Turned the Balkans and Turkey into an EU Borderland. The International Spectator, 52(4), p. 1-17.
  • Dagi, D. (2018). EU's refugee crisis: from supra-nationalism to nationalism. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 3(3), p. 9-19.
  • Domachowska, A. (2019). The Refugee Crisis and the Western Balkan Route – the Case of Macedonia. Sosnowska, G., Pachocka, M. and Katarzyna, J. M. (Ed) in Muslim Minorities and Refugee Crisis in Europe (p. 51-68). Warsaw: SGH Publishing House.
  • Dragostinova, T. (2016). Refugees or Immigrants? The Migration Crisis in Europe in Historical Perspective. Origins, 9(4). Erişim adresi: https://origins.osu.edu/print/3807.
  • Eralp, N. A. (2016). Challenges of the German Led Refugee Deal between Turkey and the EU. CESifo Forum 2, p. 21-24.
  • European Commission. (2015a). A European Agenda on Migration. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/docs/communication_on_the_european_agenda_on_migration_en.pdf.
  • --- .(2015b). EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_15_5860.
  • --- .(2015c). Western Balkans Migration Route: 17-Point Action Plan. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/cs/IP_15_5904.
  • --- .(2016a). Back to Schengen: Commission Proposes A Roadmap for Restoring Fully Functioning Schengen System. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_585.
  • --- .(2016b). First Report on the Progress Made in the Implementation of the EU-Turkey Statement. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package/docs/20160420/report_implementation_eu-turkey_agreement_nr_01_en.pdf.
  • European Council. (2015). Erişim Adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/jha/2015/07/20/.
  • --- .(2016a). EU-Turkey Statement 18 March 2016. Erişim adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/.
  • --- .(2016b). Erişim adresi: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/.
  • Eurostat. (2016). Record Number of Over 1.2 Million First Time Asylum Seekers Registered in 2015. Erişim adresi: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7203832/3-0403 2016-AP-EN.pdf/790eba01-381c-4163-bcd2-a54959b99ed6.
  • Feijen, L. (2008). Facing the Asylum-Enlargement Nexus: the Establishment of Asylum Systems in the Western Balkans. International Journal of Refugee Law, 20(3), p. 413-431.
  • Fisseha, M. (2017). Syrian Refugee Crisis, from Turkey to European Union – Methods and Challenge. Journal of Community Positive Practices, 17(3), p. 34-57.
  • Genç, D. (2017). A Paradox in EU Migration Management. Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, Special Issue: Migration Waves in Eastern Europe (1990-2015), p. 237−248.
  • Guild, E., Brouwer, E., Groenendijk, K. and Carrera, S. (2015). What is Happening to the Schengen Borders?. CEPS Paper, 86.
  • Haferlach, L. and Kurban, D. (2017). Lessons Learnt from the EU-Turkey Refugee Agreement in Guiding EU Migration Partnerships with Origin and Transit Countries. Global Policy, 8(1), p. 85-93.
  • Hampshire, J. (2015). Europe’s Migration Crisis. Political Insight, p. 8-11.
  • Hodge, C. (2016). A Perfect Storm: Europe in The Grip of Two Crises. Conference of Defense Association Institute Paper, 21(1), p. 16-22.
  • Jureković, P. (2016). The International Refugee Crisis as a Challenge for the Western Balkans. IFK Monitor.
  • Kakışım, C. and Erdoğan, S. (2018). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri ve 15 Temmuz Darbe Girişimin Ardından Yaşanan Gelişmeler. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(18), p. 399-420.
  • Kekenovski, J. (2016). Republic of Macedonia and Refugee Crisis - Between the Hammer and the Anvil. Horisons, 19, p. 7-22.
  • Keyman, E. F. (2016). Turkey at the Heart of the Refugee and ISIL Crises: Can the Buffer State Be Solution. Review of International Law and Politics, 12(1), p. 5-12.
  • Koroutchev, R. (2016). The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Europe. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 1(1), p. 26-37.
  • Liperi, M. S. (2019). The EU’s Externalisation of Migration Management Undermines Stabilisation in the Western Balkans. IAI Commentary, 19.
  • Meç, M. H. (2016). Irregular Migration Flows and Human Trafficking in the Western Balkan Countries: Challenges of the Covergence of Counter-trafficking Response. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 1(1), p. 38-48.
  • Milan, C. (2018). Refugees at the Gates of the EU: Civic Initiatives and Grassroots Responses to the Refugee Crisis along the Western Balkans Route. Journal of Balkans and Near Eastern Studies, 21, p. 1-18.
  • Miscevic, T. and Mrak, M. (2017). The EU Accession Process: Western Balkans vs. EU-10. Croatian Political Science Review, 54(4), p. 185-204.
  • Mitrovic, O. (2015). Mass Influx of the Syrian Asylum Seekers and the European Asylum Crisis: Dealing with the Emerging Challenges in Serbia. Regional Open Society Foundations Alumni Conference, Belgrade.
  • Okyay, A. and Zaragoza-Cristiani, J. (2016). The Leverage of the Gatekeeper: Power and Interdependence in the Migration Nexus between the EU and Turkey. The International Spectator, 51(4), p. 51-66.
  • Orrenius, P. M. and Zavodny, M. (2016). Irregular Immigration in the European Union. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Research Department Working Paper, 1603.
  • Pastore, F. (2018). From Source to Corridor: Changing Geopolitical Narratives about Migration and EU-Western Balkans Relations. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 21, p. 1-16.
  • Popescu, A. (2016). The EU Costs of the Refugee Crisis. Europolity, 10(1), p. 105-120.
  • Saatçioğlu, B. (2019). The European Union’s Refugee Crisis and Rising Functionalism in EU-Turkey Relations. Turkish Studies, 21(2), p. 1-19.
  • Šabıć, S. Š. (2017). The Impact of the Refugee Crisis in the Balkans: A Drift Towards Security. Journal of Regional Security, 12(1), p. 51–74.
  • Savkovic, M. (2019). Frontex and the Western Balkans: A New Actor on the External Border of the EU. European Western Balkans. Erişim adresi: https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/12/02/frontex-and-the-western-balkans-a-new-actor-on-the-external-border-of-the-eu/. Selçuk, M. (2017). Migrants Crisis in Southeast Europe. Jurnal Sospol, 3(2), p. 139-149.
  • Uras, U. (2020). Turkey, EU and the Imperilled Refugee Deal. Aljazeera. Erişim tarihi: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/turkey-eu-imperilled-refugee-deal-200302085719576.html.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015). Over One Million Sea Arrivals Reach Europe. Erişim adresi: http://www.unhcr.org/5683d0b56.html.
  • Zingg, G. (2016). The Consequences of Schengen’s Collapse: Populist Shortsightedness and the Future of European Security. IED.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Seven Erdoğan 0000-0001-9991-2074

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date September 29, 2020
Acceptance Date October 19, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Erdoğan, S. (2021). The European Union’s Cooperation with the Accession Countries (Western Balkans and Turkey) to Deal with the Refugee Crisis. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 208-237.