Research Article
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Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 68, 97 - 120, 20.03.2017

Aslı Ascıoglu Onal İlhan Yalcın

Abstract

Purpose: People encounter many hurtful experiences in daily life. Hurtful
experiences lead to negative emotions such as anger, revenge, shame, and guilt,
and people need to overcome these experiences effectively in order to protect
their mental health. Unforgiveness proves to be one of the most important
sources of stress in an individual’s life, and forgiveness, on the other hand,
is acknowledged as an effective coping mechanism that can be utilised in coping
with this stressful mood. The purpose of this study was to investigate
the predictive role of interpersonal cognitive distortions, empathy, and
rumination on levels of self-forgiveness and forgiveness of others. Research
Methods: The study was carried out with 527 university students. The
Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, short form of
Rumination Scale, Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale, and Personal
Information Form were used in order to collect data for the study. Stepwise
Multiple Regression Analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings: The results
showed that
where forgiveness of others was taken as a dependent variable in the regression
model, cognitive distortions for interpersonal rejection, perspective taking,
and empathic concern were significant predictors of forgiveness of others.
Furthermore, in the model where self-forgiveness was chosen as a dependent
variable, rumination and personal distress were found to be significant
predictors of self-forgiveness. Implications for Research and Practice: Based
on the results, during the
forgiveness-based counseling interventions or psychoeducational programs, it
can be more effective that practitioners consider related features or create
modules based on these psychological constructs.

Keywords

forgiveness process interpersonal rejection perspective taking ruminative thinking

References

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  • Alpay, A. (2009). Yakin iliskilerde bagislama: Bagislamanin baglanma, benlik saygisi, empati ve kiskanclik degiskenleri yonunden incelenmesi [Forgiveness in close relationships: The investigatement of forgiveness in terms of attachment, self-esteem, empathy, and romantic jealousy]. Unpublished master's thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Ayten, A. (2009). Affedicilik ve din: Affetme egilimi ve dindarlikla iliskisi uzerine ampirik bir arastirma [Forgivingness and religion: An empirical study about forgiveness inclination and religiosity]. M.U. Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi, 37(2), 111-128.
  • Barber, L., Maltby, J., & Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 253-262.
  • Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guildford.
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 1-43.
  • Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive responses to benefit and harm: Bringing forgiveness and gratitude into cognitive psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 20(2), 147-158.
  • Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759-771.
  • Bugay, A. (2010). Investigation of social-cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables as predictors of self-forgiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University Graduate School of Social Science, Ankara.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2011, October). Yasam doyumu ile affetme arasindaki iliskide ruminasyonun araci rolu [The mediator role of the rumination in the relationship among satisfaction with life and forgiveness. Paper presented at the XI. National Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, Ege University, İzmir.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2012). Affetme arttirilabilinir mi?: Affetme gelistirme grubu [Can be forgiveness increased?: Forgiveness enrichment group]. Turk Psikolojik Danisma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
  • Burnette, J. L., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 276-280.
  • Burnette, J. L., Taylor, K. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1585-1596.
  • Cioni, P. F. (2007). Forgiveness, cognitive restructuring and object transformation. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(3), 385-397.
  • Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 280.
  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85-104.
  • DiBlasio, F. A. (2000). Decision-based forgiveness treatment in cases of marital infidelity. Psychotherapy, 37(2), 149-158.
  • Engeler, A., & Yargic, L. I. (2007). Kisilerarasi tepkisellik indeksi: Empatinin cok boyutlu olcumu [Interpersonal Reactivity Index: Multidimensional measuring of empathy]. New Symposium Journal, 45 (3), 119-127.
  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (pp. 46-62). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gerwirtz (Ed.), Handbook of Moral Behavior Development (Vol. 1, pp. 123-152). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107-126.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., & Bugay, A. (2012). The Turkish version of the ruminative response scale: An examination of its reliability and validity. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Friedberg, J. P., Suchday, S., & Srinivas, V. S. (2009). Relationship between forgiveness and psychological and physiological indices in cardiac patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 205-211.
  • Goldman, D. B. (2010). Gender role orientation and the role of empathy in interventions promoting the development of interpersonal forgiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, USA.
  • Goldman, D. B., & Wade, N. G. (2012). Comparison of forgiveness and anger-reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 22(5), 604-620.
  • Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2000). The use of forgiveness in marital therapy. In M. McCullough, K. I. Pargament & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 203-227). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self–forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621-637.
  • Hamamci, Z., & Buyukozturk, S. (2003). İliskilerle ilgili bilissel carpitmalar olcegi: Olcegin gelistirilmesi ve psikometrik ozelliklerinin incelenmesi [The Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale: Development of the scale and investigation of its psychometric characteristics]. Cukurova Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 2(25), 107-111.
  • Hepp-Dax, S. H. (1996). Forgiveness as an educational goal with fifth grade inner-city children, Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Fordham University, New York.
  • Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 931-949.
  • Holmgren, M. R. (1998). Self-forgiveness and responsible moral agency. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32, 75-91. Hui, E. K. P., & Chau, T. S. (2009). The impact of a forgiveness intervention with Hong Kong Chinese children hurt in interpersonal relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 37(2), 141-156.
  • Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Krause, N. (2005). Self-forgiveness: A component of mental health in later life. Research on Aging, 27(3), 267-289.
  • Karremens, J. C., & Smith, P. K. (2010). Having the power to forgive: When the experience of power increases interpersonal forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(8), 1010-1023.
  • Konstam, V., Chernoff, M., & Deveney, S. (2001). Toward forgiveness: The role of shame, guilt, anger, and empathy. Counseling and Values, 46, 26-39.
  • Konstam, V., Holmes W., & Levine, B. (2003). Empathy, selfism, and coping as elements of the psychology of forgiveness: A preliminary study. Counseling and Values, 47, 172-183.
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Başkalarını ve Kendini Affetme: Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar, Empati ve Ruminasyonun Yordayıcı Rolü

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 68, 97 - 120, 20.03.2017

Aslı Ascıoglu Onal İlhan Yalcın

Abstract

Problem Durumu: Kişilerarası etkileşimin kaçınılmaz olduğu günümüz
toplumunda; bireyler, başkaları tarafından incitildikleri ya da başkalarını
incittikleri yaşantılarla sıklıkla karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. İncinme ya da
incitme yaşantıları; öfke, intikam, suçluluk, utanç gibi olumsuz duyguları
beraberinde getirmekte ve bireyin bu tür deneyimlerle etkili bir şekilde baş
edememesi, depresyon ve kaygı gibi ruh sağlığı sorunları yaşamasıyla
sonuçlanabilmektedir. Affedememe, bireyin yaşamındaki önemli stres
kaynaklarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Affetme
ise, bu stresli duygu durumuyla başa çıkmada kullanılabilecek etkili bir
mekanizma olarak kabul edilmektedir. Affetmenin terapötik bir araç olarak
psikolojik danışma uygulamalarında kullanılabilmesi için, öncelikle bireylerin
kendilerini ya da başkalarını affetmeleriyle ilişkili faktörlerin neler
olduğunun ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Özellikle Batılı toplumlardan
kökenini alarak geliştirilmiş olan modellerin çoğunda; affetme ile ilişkili
olduğu düşünülen özelliklerden birinin empati olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Empati
ve empatinin alt boyutları ile başkalarını affetme arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya
koyan çalışmalar bulunmakla birlikte, toplulukçu ya da ilişkisel kültürlerde
söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki bağlantıları inceleyen çalışmaların görece
sınırlı sayıda olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Özellikle kendini affetme ile empati
arasındaki ilişkilerin, gerek kuramsal gerekse ampirik çalışmalarla yeterince
incelenmediği görülmektedir. Alanyazında, affetme sürecinde etkili olduğuna vurgu
yapılan bir diğer psikolojik özellik ise ruminasyondur. 

Keywords

yakınlıktan kaçınma perspektif alma ruminatif düşünme. affetme süreci

References

  • Akin, M., Ozdevecioglu, M., & Unlu, O. (2012). The relationship between revenge intention and forgiveness tendency with mental health of employees in organizations. Public Administration Journal, 45(1),77-97.
  • Alpay, A. (2009). Yakin iliskilerde bagislama: Bagislamanin baglanma, benlik saygisi, empati ve kiskanclik degiskenleri yonunden incelenmesi [Forgiveness in close relationships: The investigatement of forgiveness in terms of attachment, self-esteem, empathy, and romantic jealousy]. Unpublished master's thesis, Ankara University Graduate School of Social Sciences, Ankara.
  • Ayten, A. (2009). Affedicilik ve din: Affetme egilimi ve dindarlikla iliskisi uzerine ampirik bir arastirma [Forgivingness and religion: An empirical study about forgiveness inclination and religiosity]. M.U. Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi, 37(2), 111-128.
  • Barber, L., Maltby, J., & Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 253-262.
  • Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guildford.
  • Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 1-43.
  • Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2006). Positive responses to benefit and harm: Bringing forgiveness and gratitude into cognitive psychotherapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 20(2), 147-158.
  • Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759-771.
  • Bugay, A. (2010). Investigation of social-cognitive, emotional and behavioral variables as predictors of self-forgiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University Graduate School of Social Science, Ankara.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2011, October). Yasam doyumu ile affetme arasindaki iliskide ruminasyonun araci rolu [The mediator role of the rumination in the relationship among satisfaction with life and forgiveness. Paper presented at the XI. National Psychological Counseling and Guidance Congress, Ege University, İzmir.
  • Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2012). Affetme arttirilabilinir mi?: Affetme gelistirme grubu [Can be forgiveness increased?: Forgiveness enrichment group]. Turk Psikolojik Danisma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 96-106.
  • Burnette, J. L., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 276-280.
  • Burnette, J. L., Taylor, K. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1585-1596.
  • Cioni, P. F. (2007). Forgiveness, cognitive restructuring and object transformation. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(3), 385-397.
  • Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Rice, K. G., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2015). Making a decision to forgive. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 280.
  • Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85-104.
  • DiBlasio, F. A. (2000). Decision-based forgiveness treatment in cases of marital infidelity. Psychotherapy, 37(2), 149-158.
  • Engeler, A., & Yargic, L. I. (2007). Kisilerarasi tepkisellik indeksi: Empatinin cok boyutlu olcumu [Interpersonal Reactivity Index: Multidimensional measuring of empathy]. New Symposium Journal, 45 (3), 119-127.
  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (pp. 46-62). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. Kurtines & J. Gerwirtz (Ed.), Handbook of Moral Behavior Development (Vol. 1, pp. 123-152). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107-126.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., & Bugay, A. (2012). The Turkish version of the ruminative response scale: An examination of its reliability and validity. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 1-16.
  • Friedberg, J. P., Suchday, S., & Srinivas, V. S. (2009). Relationship between forgiveness and psychological and physiological indices in cardiac patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 205-211.
  • Goldman, D. B. (2010). Gender role orientation and the role of empathy in interventions promoting the development of interpersonal forgiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, USA.
  • Goldman, D. B., & Wade, N. G. (2012). Comparison of forgiveness and anger-reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 22(5), 604-620.
  • Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2000). The use of forgiveness in marital therapy. In M. McCullough, K. I. Pargament & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 203-227). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self–forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621-637.
  • Hamamci, Z., & Buyukozturk, S. (2003). İliskilerle ilgili bilissel carpitmalar olcegi: Olcegin gelistirilmesi ve psikometrik ozelliklerinin incelenmesi [The Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale: Development of the scale and investigation of its psychometric characteristics]. Cukurova Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 2(25), 107-111.
  • Hepp-Dax, S. H. (1996). Forgiveness as an educational goal with fifth grade inner-city children, Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Fordham University, New York.
  • Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 931-949.
  • Holmgren, M. R. (1998). Self-forgiveness and responsible moral agency. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32, 75-91. Hui, E. K. P., & Chau, T. S. (2009). The impact of a forgiveness intervention with Hong Kong Chinese children hurt in interpersonal relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 37(2), 141-156.
  • Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Krause, N. (2005). Self-forgiveness: A component of mental health in later life. Research on Aging, 27(3), 267-289.
  • Karremens, J. C., & Smith, P. K. (2010). Having the power to forgive: When the experience of power increases interpersonal forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(8), 1010-1023.
  • Konstam, V., Chernoff, M., & Deveney, S. (2001). Toward forgiveness: The role of shame, guilt, anger, and empathy. Counseling and Values, 46, 26-39.
  • Konstam, V., Holmes W., & Levine, B. (2003). Empathy, selfism, and coping as elements of the psychology of forgiveness: A preliminary study. Counseling and Values, 47, 172-183.
  • Lawler-Row, K. A., Karremans, J. C., Scott, C., Edlis-Matityahou, M., & Edwards, L. (2008). Forgiveness, physiological reactivity and health: The role of anger. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 68, 51-58.
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There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aslı Ascıoglu Onal This is me

İlhan Yalcın

Publication Date March 20, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 17 Issue: 68

Cite

APA Ascıoglu Onal, A., & Yalcın, İ. (2017). Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17(68), 97-120.
AMA Ascıoglu Onal A, Yalcın İ. Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. March 2017;17(68):97-120.
Chicago Ascıoglu Onal, Aslı, and İlhan Yalcın. “Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 17, no. 68 (March 2017): 97-120.
EndNote Ascıoglu Onal A, Yalcın İ (March 1, 2017) Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 17 68 97–120.
IEEE A. Ascıoglu Onal and İ. Yalcın, “Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 17, no. 68, pp. 97–120, 2017.
ISNAD Ascıoglu Onal, Aslı - Yalcın, İlhan. “Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 17/68 (March 2017), 97-120.
JAMA Ascıoglu Onal A, Yalcın İ. Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2017;17:97–120.
MLA Ascıoglu Onal, Aslı and İlhan Yalcın. “Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol. 17, no. 68, 2017, pp. 97-120.
Vancouver Ascıoglu Onal A, Yalcın İ. Forgiveness of Others and Self‐Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2017;17(68):97-120.
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