Research Article
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Eye movements in reading span tasks to working memory functions and second language reading

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 35 - 56, 17.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.460617

Abstract

In an eye-tracking experiment with late second language (L2) learners, the present study probed into the
relationship between eye-movement (EM) measures and the processing and storage outcomes of reading
span tasks (RST) to determine whether EM patterns actually reflect working memory (WM) functions in
the L2. Additionally, it examined the relationship between WM capacity as indexed by EMs and L2
reading comprehension to explore whether it was possible to map offline and online data as predictors of
L2 reading. The findings reveal that storage performance was negatively affected by fixation durations
within the “critical” region of each sentence, indicating a trade-off between processing and storage.
Additionally, regressions launched from the sentence-final region were negatively related to not only
storage and processing performance but also L2 reading comprehension. These results have implications
regarding whether EMs can be instrumental in validating offline span task outcomes and their
association with L2 reading. 

References

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  • Braze, D., Shankweiler, D., Ni, W., & Palumbo, L. C. (2002). Readers’ eye movements distinguish anomalies of form and content. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 31, 25–44.
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Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 35 - 56, 17.09.2015
https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.460617

Abstract

References

  • Alptekin, C., & Erçetin, G. (2010). The role of L1 and L2 working memory in literal and inferential comprehension in L2 reading. Journal of Research in Reading, 33, 206–219. http://doi.org/fsfjxc
  • Alptekin, C., & Erçetin, G. (2011). The effects of working memory capacity and content familiarity on literal and inferential comprehension in L2 reading. TESOL Quarterly, 45, 235–266. http://doi.org/dzdjjp
  • Andrews, G., Birney, D., & Halford, G. S. (2006). Relational processing and working memory capacity in comprehension of relative clause sentences. Memory & Cognition, 34, 1325– 1340.
  • Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., Portrat, S., Vergauwe, E., & Camos, V. (2007). Time and cognitive load in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 570–585. http://doi.org/cm22dw
  • Barrouillet, P., Portrat, S., & Camos, V. (2011). On the law relating processing to storage in working memory. Psychological Review, 118, 175–192. http://doi.org/bq7rsv
  • Beckman, J. F. (2010). Taming a beast of burden – On some issues with the conceptualisation and operationalisation of cognitive load. Learning and Instruction, 20, 250–264. http://doi.org/dmczgh
  • Binder, K. S., & Morris, R. K. (2011). An eye-movement analysis of ambiguity resolution: Beyond meaning access. Discourse Processes, 48, 305-330. http://doi.org/cq35kp
  • Boland, J. E. (2004). Linking eye movements to sentence comprehension in reading and listening. In M. Carreiras & C. Clifton (Eds.), The on-line study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP, and beyond (pp. 51–76). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Boland, J. E., & Blodgett, A. (2002). Eye movement as a measure of syntactic and semantic incongruity in unambiguous sentences. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.
  • Braze, D., Shankweiler, D., Ni, W., & Palumbo, L. C. (2002). Readers’ eye movements distinguish anomalies of form and content. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 31, 25–44.
  • Caillies, S., & Declercq, C. (2011). Kill the song—steal the show: What does distinguish predicative metaphors from decomposable idioms? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 40, 205–223. http://doi.org/ck8fqg
  • Cappelletti, M., Fregni, F., Shapiro, K., Pascual-Leone, A., & Caramazza, A. (2008). Processing nouns and verbs in the left frontal cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 707–720.
  • Clifton, C., Staub, A., & Rayner, K. (2007). Eye movements in reading words and sentences. In R. P. G. Van Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, & R. L. Hill (Eds.), Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (pp. 341–371). Oxford: Elsevier.
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  • Conway. A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005). Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 769–786.
  • Cook, A. E., Colbert-Getz, J., & Kircher, J. C. (2013). Number-of-features effects during reading: Evidence from eye movements. Discourse Processes, 50, 210–225. http://doi.org/5jn
  • Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450–466. http://doi.org/fk6kpz
  • Daneman, M., & Hannon, B. (2007). What do working memory span tasks like reading span really measure? In N. Osaka, R. H. Logie, & M. D’Esposito (Eds.), The cognitive neuroscience of working memory (pp. 21–42). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Daneman, M., & Merikle, P. M. (1996). Working memory and language comprehension: Meta- analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 422–433.
  • Duff, S. C., & Logie, R. H. (2001). Processing and storage in working memory span. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, 31–48. http://doi.org/cf35mw
  • Dussias, P. E. (2010). Uses of eye-tracking data in second language sentence processing research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 30, 149–166. http://doi.org/bwpk82
  • Dussias, P. E., & Piñar, P. (2010). Effects of reading span and plausibility in the reanalysis of wh-gaps by Chinese-English second language speakers. Second Language Research, 26, 443–472. http://doi.org/dbnqhs
  • Dussias, P. E., & Sagarra, N. (2007). The effect of exposure on syntactic parsing in Spanish– English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10, 101–116. http://doi.org/fcs9h5
  • Engle, R. W., Cantor, J., & Carullo, J. J. (1992). Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 972–992.
  • Engle, R. W., Kane M. J., & Tuholski S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 102–134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211–245.
  • Felser, C., & Cunnings, I. (2012). Processing reflexives in English as a second language: The timing of structural and discourse-level constraints. Applied Psycholinguistics, 33, 571–603. http://doi.org/fch5nv
  • Foucart, A., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2012). Can late L2 learners acquire new grammatical features? Evidence from ERPs and eye-tracking. Journal of Memory and Language, 66, 226–248. http://doi.org/5jp
  • Frenck-Mestre, C. (2005). Eye-movement recording as a tool for studying syntactic processing in a second language: A review of methodologies and experimental findings. Second Language Research, 21, 175–198. http://doi.org/b4bv6f
  • Gentner, D. (1982). Why nouns are learned before verbs: Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning. In S. Kuczaj (Ed.), Language development: Language, thought and culture (pp. 301–334). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Geva, E., & Ryan, E. B. (1993). Linguistic and cognitive correlates of academic skills in first and second languages. Language Learning, 43, 5–42. http://doi.org/bcm3bn
  • Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 787–795.
  • Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., & Van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye Tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Juffs, A., & Harrington, M. (2011). Aspects of working memory in L2 learning. Language Teaching, 44, 137–166. http://doi.org/bb3nb5
  • Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87, 329–354.
  • Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99, 122–149. http://doi.org/c6595h
  • Kaakinen, J. K., & Hyönä, J. (2007). Strategy use in the reading span test: An analysis of eye movements and reported encoding strategies. Memory, 15, 634–646. http://doi.org/cgwcz3
  • Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2001). A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 169- 183. http://doi.org/c6rmmg
  • Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R. A., Hambrick, D. Z., & Engle, R. W. (2007). Variation in working memory capacity as variation in executive attention and control. In A. R. A. Conway, C. Jarrold, M. J. Kane, A. Miyake, & J. N. Towse (Eds.), Variation in working memory (pp. 21– 48). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004). The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 189–217. http://doi.org/cntzrs
  • Kaushanskaya, M., & Marian, V. (2007). Non-target language recognition and interference in bilinguals: Evidence from eye tracking and picture naming. Language Learning, 57, 119- 163. http://doi.org/cfdmfq
  • Keating, G. D. (2009). Sensitivity to violations of gender agreement in native and nonnative Spanish: An eye-movement investigation. Language Learning, 59, 503-535. http://doi.org/b8fqmk
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cem Alptekin

Gülcan Erçetin

Publication Date September 17, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Alptekin, C., & Erçetin, G. (2015). Eye movements in reading span tasks to working memory functions and second language reading. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 35-56. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.460617