Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis
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Türkiye’de COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Damgalanma ile İlgili Yapılan Çalışmalar: Sistematik Derleme

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 58 - 65, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Amaç: Bu sistematik derlemenin amacı, ülkemizde COVID-19 ve damgalanma konusunda yapılan çalışmaları katılımcıların kişisel özellikler, damgalanmanın etkileri ve araştırma yöntemleri açısından incelemek ve gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar için öneriler sunmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu sistematik derleme PRISMA-P kılavuzuna göre yapılmıştır. Literatür Türkçe ve İngilizce dillerinde, COVID-19, Koronavirüs, Damgalama, Sosyal Damgalanma anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak taranmıştır. Literatür taraması makalelerin özet, başlık ve anahtar kelimeler bölümlerinde MeSH terimleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Toplam 67 çalışmaya ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan çalışmalardan öncelikle duplikasyonlar çıkarılmış, kalan çalışmaların ise özetleri incelenmiştir. COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde damgalanma ile ilgili Türkiye’de yapılan derleme türü dışındaki sekiz çalışma bu sistematik derlemeye dahil edilmiştir. Bulgular: Derlemeye dahil edilen çalışmaların dördü tanımlayıcı, üçü nitel tasarımda iken, biri de olgu sunumudur. Çalışmaların toplam katılımcı sayısı 898’dir. Çalışmalardan dördü sağlık çalışanlarında yapılmıştır. Diğer çalışmalar ise COVID-19 tanılı hasta ve hasta yakınları ile epilepsi tanısı almış olan hastalar ve yaşlılarla yürütülmüştür. Değerlendirmeye alınan araştırma sonuçlarına göre; 65 yaş ve üzeri yaşlılar, sağlık çalışanları, hastaneye yatan COVID-19 tanılı hastalar veya COVID-19 şüpheli bireylerde damgalanmaya rastlanmıştır. Epilepsi tanısı almış bireylerde ise, COVID-19 pandemisinin damgalanma üzerinde etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç: Damgalanmanın ruh sağlığını etkileyebilecek bir durum olması nedeniyle özellikle damgalanma durumuna maruz kalan ve risk taşıyan bireylerde damgalanmanın önlenmesi ve olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması için tedbirlerin alınması, topluma yönelik farkındalık çalışmalarının yapılması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, damgalanma yaşayan gruplarda müdahaleli ve boylamsal çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.

*Bu çalışma, 4. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Yaşam Kongresi’nde (8-10 Nisan 2021, Burdur) sözel bildiri olarak sunulmuştur.

References

  • 1.Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc; 1963:1-41.
  • 2.Ainlay SC, Coleman LM, Becker G. Stigma Reconsidered. In: Ainlay SC, Becker G, Coleman LM, editors. The Dilemma of Difference: A Multidisciplinary View of Stigma. New York: Plenum Press; 1986:1-11.
  • 3.Dovidio JF, Major B, Crocker J. Stigma: Introduction and Overview. In: Heatherton TF, Kleck RE, Hebl MR, Hull JG, editors. The Social Psychology of Stigma New York: The Guilford Press; 2001:1-28.
  • 4.Corrigan PW. The Stigma Effect: Unintended Consequences of Mental Health Campaigns. New York: Columbia University Press; 2018:41-86.
  • 5.Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):277-287.
  • 6.Williams J, Gonzalez-Medina D, Le Q. Infectious diseases and social stigma. ATI-Applied Innovations and Technologies. 2011;4(1): 58-70.
  • 7. Engebretson J. Understanding stigma in chronic health conditions: implications for nursing. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2013;25(10):545-550.
  • 8.Günler OE. Kronik hastalıkların yol açtığı bazı toplumsal problemler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2019;(42):392-400.
  • 9.Gökengin D, Çalık Ş, Öktem P. Türkiye’de HIV’le ilgili damgalama ve ayrımcılığın analizi: HIV’le yaşayan kişiler için damgalanma göstergesi sonuçları. Klimik Dergisi. 2017;30(1):15-21.
  • 10.Çam O, Bilge A. Türkiye’de ruhsal hastalığa/hastaya yönelik inanç, tutum ve damgalama süreci: Sistematik derleme. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2013;4(2):91-101.
  • 11. Parcesepe AM, Cabassa LJ. Public stigma of mental illness in the United States: A systematic literature review. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2013;40(5):384-399.
  • 12. Wu YK, Berry DC. Impact of weight stigma on physiological and psychological health outcomes for overweight and obese adults: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(5):1030-1042.
  • 13. Fischer LS, Mansergh G, Lynch J, Santibanez S. Addressing disease-related stigma during infectious disease outbreaks. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(5-6):989-994.
  • 14.World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-1 (Internet) 21 Ocak 2020. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021.
  • 15. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). COVID-19 & stigma: How to prevent and address social stigma in your community. (Internet). Erişim adresi: https://www.unicef.org/sudan/COVID-19-stigma-how-prevent-and-address-social-stigma-your-community. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021.
  • 16.Türk Psikiyatri Derneği. COVID-19 ve Damgalanma. Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruhsal Travma ve Afet Çalışma Birimi. (Internet). Erişim Adresi: https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202019327-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021.
  • 17.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reducing Stigma. (Internet). (Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021). Erişim Adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/reducingstigma.html
  • 18.Bozkurt Y, Zeybek Z, Aşkın R. COVID-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020;19(37):304-318.
  • 19.Ertem ME. COVID-19 pandemisi ve sosyal damgalama. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;5(2):135-138.
  • 20. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
  • 21.Şahan E. Hasta penceresinden COVID-19 tanısıyla tek başına bir hastane odasında olmak: nitel çalışma. Cukurova Medical Journal. 2021;46(1):223-232.
  • 22. Bana PE. COVID-19 salgını sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarının sosyal damgalanma algısının değerlendirilmesi. PAP. 2020; 11(1): 115-120.
  • 23.Belice T, Çiftçi D, Demir I, Yüksel A. COVID-19 and stigmatisation of healthcare providers. Eureka: Health Sciences. 2020;(6):3-7.
  • 24.Dönmez A, Canbulut N, Karaçam Z. COVID19’lu Bir Ebenin Klinik Özellikleri ve Deneyimleri: Olgu Sunumu. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2020:17(4);349-53.
  • 25. Gul ZB, Atakli HD. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug compliance and stigmatization in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;114(Pt A):107610.
  • 26. Kackin O, Ciydem E, Aci OS, Kutlu FY. Experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A qualitative study. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(2):158-167.
  • 27. Eksin G, Uluyol OB, Onur OS, Teksin MG, Ozdemir HM. Stigma-related factors and their effects on health-care workers during COVID-19 pandemics in Turkey: A multicenter study. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. 2020;54(3):281-290.
  • 28.Yaşar Ö, Avcı N. Değişen yaşlılık algısı: COVİD-19 ile damgalanan yaşlılar. Electronic Turkish Studies. 2020;15(4):1251-73.
  • 29.Ramaci T, Barattucci M, Ledda C, Rapisarda V. Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability. 2020;12(3834);1-13.
  • 30. Zandifar A, Badrfam R, Mohammadian Khonsari N, Mohammadi MR, Asayesh H, Qorbani M. Prevalence and associated factors of posttraumatic stress symptoms and stigma among health care workers in contact with COVID-19 patients. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(4):340-350.
  • 31. Imran N, Afzal H, Aamer I, Hashmi A, Shabbir B, Asif A, et al. Scarlett Letter: A study based on experience of stigma by COVID-19 patients in quarantine. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1471-1477.
  • 32. Guo Q, Zheng Y, Shi J, Wang J, Li G, Li C, et al. Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:17-27.
  • 33. Qi R, Chen W, Liu S, Thompson PM, Zhang LJ, Xia F, et al. Psychological morbidities and fatigue in patients with confirmed COVID-19 during disease outbreak: prevalence and associated biopsychosocial risk factors. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020;2020.05.08.20031666.
  • 34. Tehrani H. Mental health stigma related to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20(8):796-797.
  • 35. Ay R. Epilepsi ve damgalanma: Bir gözden geçirme. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2017;20:129-136.
  • 36. Fanta T, Azale T, Assefa D, Getachew M. Prevalence and factors associated with perceived stigma among patients with epilepsy in Ethiopia. Psychiatry J. 2015;2015:627345.
  • 37. Baker D, Eccles FJR, Caswell HL. Correlates of stigma in adults with epilepsy: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;83:67-80.

Studies on stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic process in Turkey: a systematic review

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 58 - 65, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to examine the studies on COVID-19 and stigma in Turkey in terms of the personal characteristics of the participants, the effects of stigma and research methods, and to offer suggestions for future studies. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was documented according to PRISMA-P guideline. The literature was searched in Turkish and English languages using the keywords COVID-19, Coronavirus, Stigma, and Social Stigma. The literature review was conducted using MeSH terms in the abstract, title, and keyword. A total of 67 studies were reached. First, duplications were removed from the studies, and the abstracts of the studies were examined. Except for the type of review article, eight studies conducted in Turkey on stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic were included in this systematic review. Results: Four of the studies included in the systematic review are descriptive, three are in qualitative design, and one is a case report. The total number of participants of the studies were 898. Four of the studies were conducted on healthcare workers. Other studies were conducted in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and their relatives, patients diagnosed with epilepsy, and the elderly. According to the studies, stigma was observed in elderly people aged 65 and over, healthcare workers, hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19, or individuals with suspected COVID-19. In individuals diagnosed with epilepsy, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on stigma was not been found. Conclusion: Since stigma is a condition that can affect mental health, it is necessary to take measures to prevent stigmatization and to reduce its negative effects, and to carry out awareness studies for the society, especially in individuals who are exposed to stigma and are at risk. In addition, it is recommended to conduct interventional and longitudinal studies in groups experiencing stigma.

*This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 4th Congress of Health Sciences and Life (8-10 April 2021, Burdur).

References

  • 1.Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc; 1963:1-41.
  • 2.Ainlay SC, Coleman LM, Becker G. Stigma Reconsidered. In: Ainlay SC, Becker G, Coleman LM, editors. The Dilemma of Difference: A Multidisciplinary View of Stigma. New York: Plenum Press; 1986:1-11.
  • 3.Dovidio JF, Major B, Crocker J. Stigma: Introduction and Overview. In: Heatherton TF, Kleck RE, Hebl MR, Hull JG, editors. The Social Psychology of Stigma New York: The Guilford Press; 2001:1-28.
  • 4.Corrigan PW. The Stigma Effect: Unintended Consequences of Mental Health Campaigns. New York: Columbia University Press; 2018:41-86.
  • 5.Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health-related stigma: rethinking concepts and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):277-287.
  • 6.Williams J, Gonzalez-Medina D, Le Q. Infectious diseases and social stigma. ATI-Applied Innovations and Technologies. 2011;4(1): 58-70.
  • 7. Engebretson J. Understanding stigma in chronic health conditions: implications for nursing. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2013;25(10):545-550.
  • 8.Günler OE. Kronik hastalıkların yol açtığı bazı toplumsal problemler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2019;(42):392-400.
  • 9.Gökengin D, Çalık Ş, Öktem P. Türkiye’de HIV’le ilgili damgalama ve ayrımcılığın analizi: HIV’le yaşayan kişiler için damgalanma göstergesi sonuçları. Klimik Dergisi. 2017;30(1):15-21.
  • 10.Çam O, Bilge A. Türkiye’de ruhsal hastalığa/hastaya yönelik inanç, tutum ve damgalama süreci: Sistematik derleme. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2013;4(2):91-101.
  • 11. Parcesepe AM, Cabassa LJ. Public stigma of mental illness in the United States: A systematic literature review. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2013;40(5):384-399.
  • 12. Wu YK, Berry DC. Impact of weight stigma on physiological and psychological health outcomes for overweight and obese adults: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(5):1030-1042.
  • 13. Fischer LS, Mansergh G, Lynch J, Santibanez S. Addressing disease-related stigma during infectious disease outbreaks. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(5-6):989-994.
  • 14.World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-1 (Internet) 21 Ocak 2020. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021.
  • 15. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). COVID-19 & stigma: How to prevent and address social stigma in your community. (Internet). Erişim adresi: https://www.unicef.org/sudan/COVID-19-stigma-how-prevent-and-address-social-stigma-your-community. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021.
  • 16.Türk Psikiyatri Derneği. COVID-19 ve Damgalanma. Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Ruhsal Travma ve Afet Çalışma Birimi. (Internet). Erişim Adresi: https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/243202019327-DamgalanmaCOVID.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021.
  • 17.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reducing Stigma. (Internet). (Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2021). Erişim Adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/reducingstigma.html
  • 18.Bozkurt Y, Zeybek Z, Aşkın R. COVID-19 pandemisi: Psikolojik etkileri ve terapötik müdahaleler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020;19(37):304-318.
  • 19.Ertem ME. COVID-19 pandemisi ve sosyal damgalama. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;5(2):135-138.
  • 20. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
  • 21.Şahan E. Hasta penceresinden COVID-19 tanısıyla tek başına bir hastane odasında olmak: nitel çalışma. Cukurova Medical Journal. 2021;46(1):223-232.
  • 22. Bana PE. COVID-19 salgını sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarının sosyal damgalanma algısının değerlendirilmesi. PAP. 2020; 11(1): 115-120.
  • 23.Belice T, Çiftçi D, Demir I, Yüksel A. COVID-19 and stigmatisation of healthcare providers. Eureka: Health Sciences. 2020;(6):3-7.
  • 24.Dönmez A, Canbulut N, Karaçam Z. COVID19’lu Bir Ebenin Klinik Özellikleri ve Deneyimleri: Olgu Sunumu. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2020:17(4);349-53.
  • 25. Gul ZB, Atakli HD. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug compliance and stigmatization in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;114(Pt A):107610.
  • 26. Kackin O, Ciydem E, Aci OS, Kutlu FY. Experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A qualitative study. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2021;67(2):158-167.
  • 27. Eksin G, Uluyol OB, Onur OS, Teksin MG, Ozdemir HM. Stigma-related factors and their effects on health-care workers during COVID-19 pandemics in Turkey: A multicenter study. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. 2020;54(3):281-290.
  • 28.Yaşar Ö, Avcı N. Değişen yaşlılık algısı: COVİD-19 ile damgalanan yaşlılar. Electronic Turkish Studies. 2020;15(4):1251-73.
  • 29.Ramaci T, Barattucci M, Ledda C, Rapisarda V. Social stigma during COVID-19 and its impact on HCWs outcomes. Sustainability. 2020;12(3834);1-13.
  • 30. Zandifar A, Badrfam R, Mohammadian Khonsari N, Mohammadi MR, Asayesh H, Qorbani M. Prevalence and associated factors of posttraumatic stress symptoms and stigma among health care workers in contact with COVID-19 patients. Iran J Psychiatry. 2020;15(4):340-350.
  • 31. Imran N, Afzal H, Aamer I, Hashmi A, Shabbir B, Asif A, et al. Scarlett Letter: A study based on experience of stigma by COVID-19 patients in quarantine. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1471-1477.
  • 32. Guo Q, Zheng Y, Shi J, Wang J, Li G, Li C, et al. Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:17-27.
  • 33. Qi R, Chen W, Liu S, Thompson PM, Zhang LJ, Xia F, et al. Psychological morbidities and fatigue in patients with confirmed COVID-19 during disease outbreak: prevalence and associated biopsychosocial risk factors. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020;2020.05.08.20031666.
  • 34. Tehrani H. Mental health stigma related to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20(8):796-797.
  • 35. Ay R. Epilepsi ve damgalanma: Bir gözden geçirme. Klinik Psikiyatri, 2017;20:129-136.
  • 36. Fanta T, Azale T, Assefa D, Getachew M. Prevalence and factors associated with perceived stigma among patients with epilepsy in Ethiopia. Psychiatry J. 2015;2015:627345.
  • 37. Baker D, Eccles FJR, Caswell HL. Correlates of stigma in adults with epilepsy: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;83:67-80.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Systematic Review
Authors

Buket Şimşek Arslan 0000-0003-1731-4471

Beyza Nur Taşdemir 0000-0001-6352-1215

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Şimşek Arslan B, Taşdemir BN. Studies on stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic process in Turkey: a systematic review. CPHS. 2021;2(2):58-65.