Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 199 - 208, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the status of being affected by the written and visual warnings on cigarette packs and the frequency of smoking in individuals who apply the family health center for any reason.

Methods: This study is descriptive. As a result of the sample calculation, 320 people were included in the study. A questionnaire prepared by the researchers upon the literature review and Fagerström test for nicotine dependence were used. In the study, SPSS 22.0 packaged software was used, and the significance was accepted as p<0.05.

Results: The average age of the participants was 38.53±14.21. 40.9% of the participants were smokers. 19.8% of the individuals included in the study were found to have high level of nicotine dependence. 35.9% of the participants were expressed to be affected by warnings on cigarette packs. In the study, the participants’ statuses of being affected by visual and written messages on cigarette packs in terms of gender were compared and it was found that the written expressions of “Smoking damages sperms and reduces fertility” and “Smoking during pregnancy harms the baby” were found to be more effective by men. The image showing the couple sitting side by side in bed among the images was found to be effective.


Conclusion:
In smoking cessation interventions, more importance can be given to young people and those with low education level. In addition, warnings about baby/child and sexuality can be involved more on cigarette packs.

Thanks

We thank the employees of the Kale Family Health Center who supported us in the study.

References

  • Referans1 WHO. MPOWER Policy package to control the tobacco epidemic 2016 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43888/5/9789241596633_tur.pdf.
  • Referans2 Jamal A, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Homa DM, Babb SD, King BA, et al. Current cigarette smoking among adults United States, 2016. MMWR. 2018;67(2):53.
  • Referans3 Li Z, Yao Y, Han W, Yu Y, Liu Y, Tao Y, et al. Smoking prevalence and associated factors as well as attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco control in Northeast China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):8606-18.
  • Referans4 Juranić B, Rakošec Ž, Jakab J, Mikšić Š, Vuletić S, Ivandić M, et al. Prevalence, habits and personal attitudes towards smoking among health care professionals. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2017;12(1):20.
  • Referans5 Ljaljević A, Mugoša B, Terzić N. Smoking Status, Knowledge And Attitudes Towards Tobacco Among Health Profession Students In Montenegro. Acta Medica Saliniana. 2017;46(1):52.
  • Referans6 Vanker A. Indoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a South African birth cohort study [doctorate]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2018.
  • Referans7 Kostova D, Andes L, Erguder T, Yurekli A, Keskinkılıç B, Polat S, et al. Cigarette prices and smoking prevalence after a tobacco tax increase Turkey, 2008 and 2012. MMWR. 2014;63(21):457.
  • Referans8 TC. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Turkey 2012. Ankara: Anıl Printing; Ministry of Health 2014.
  • Referans9 CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm.
  • Referans10 Mathre M. Alcohol tobacco and other drug problems in the community. In: Stanhope M LJ, editor. Community and Public Health Nursing: sixth. st. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2004. p. 848-74.
  • Referans11 WHO. Global status reporton alcohol and health 2014 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112736/1/9789240692763_eng.pdf?ua=1.
  • Referans12 Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS medicine. 2006;3(11):e442.
  • Referans13 Hammond D. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tobacco control. 2011;20(5):327-37.
  • Referans14 Gercek C, Dogan N. Effect of the written and combined warnings on the cigarette pockets on university students. Educational sciences:Theory & Practice. 2012;12(4):2573-84.
  • Referans15 Ozkaya S, Edinsel S, Ozkaya E, Hamzacebi H. Effects of new warning labels on cigarette packets among high school adolescents. Tuberculosis and thorax. 2009;57(3):327-32.
  • Referans16 Ozpulat F, Bilir N. Opinions of university students regarding pictorial warnings on cigarettes packs. Journal of Human Sciences. 2017;14(1):987-99.
  • Referans17 Bilir N, Kaplan B, Kücük Bicer B, Ararat E, Akyol M, Arslan A, et al. Opinions of a Group of High School Students in Ankara on Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packages. Turkish Thoracic Journal. 2013;14(4).
  • Referans18 Mazlum FS, Mazlum O. Effect of visual and written warnings on cigarette boxes on university students and some suggestions. Fine Arts. 2014;9(1):12-32.
  • Referans19 Jradi H, Saddik B. Graphic warnings and text warning labels on cigarette packages in Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Awareness and perceptions. Annals of thoracic medicine. 2018;13(1):22.
  • Referans20 Romer D, Ferguson SG, Strasser AA, Evans AT, Tompkins MK, Macisco J, et al. Effects of pictorial warning labels for cigarettes and quit-efficacy on emotional responses, smoking satisfaction, and cigarette consumption. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2017;52(1):53-64.
  • Referans21 Cho YJ, Thrasher JF, Yong H-H, Szklo AS, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, et al. Path analysis of warning label effects on negative emotions and quit attempts: A longitudinal study of smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the US. Social Science & Medicine. 2018;197:226-34.
  • Referans22 Uysal HB, Sonmez HM, Yasar MB. The evolution of smoking and hypertension association in last 20 years in the city of Aydın. Turkish Journal of Family Practice. 2016;20(2):54-63.
  • Referans23 Pomerleau CS, Carton SM, Lutzke ML, Flessland KA, Pomerleau OF. Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addict Behav. 1994;19(1):33-9.
  • Referans24 Gunes G, Genc M, Pehlivan E, Egri M, Kurcer M. Smoking behavior, dependence levels and quitting attitudes of workers working at Sümerbank and Tekel Factories in Malatya. Journal of Smoking Alarm for Health. 2001;4(1-4):73-80.
  • Referans25 Cifci S, Bayram Deger V, Saka G, Ceylan A. Smoking Prevalance and Affecting Factors among Nursing School Students. Van Medical Journal. 2018;25(2):89-99.
  • Referans26 Alacam H, Korkmaz A, Efe M, Sengul CB, Sengul C. Screening of alcohol and tobacco addiction in Pamukkale University students. Pamukkale Medical Journal. 2015;8(2):82-7.
  • Referans27 Yengil E, Cevik C, Demirkiran G, Neslin Akkoca A, Soylu Ozler G, Ozer C. Smoking among medical school students and attitudes against smoking. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2014;6(3):1-7.
  • Referans28 Juranić B, Rakošec Ž, Jakab J, Mikšić Š, Vuletić S, Ivandić M, et al. Prevalence, habits and personal attitudes towards smoking among health care professionals. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2017;12(1):20.
  • Referans29 Hossain S, Hossain S, Ahmed F, Islam R, Sikder T, Rahman A. Prevalence of tobacco smoking and factors associated with the initiation of smoking among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cent Asian J Glob Health. 2017;6(1).
  • Referans30 Picco L, Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Vaingankar JA, Chong SA. Smoking and nicotine dependence in Singapore: findings from a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Annals Academy of Medicine. 2017;41(8):325-34.
  • Referans31 Little MA, Derefinko KJ, Bursac Z, Ebbert JO, Colvin L, Talcott GW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of tobacco and nicotine containing product use in a sample of United States Air Force trainees. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2015;18(4):416-23.
  • Referans32 Onsuz MF, Topuzoglu A, Algan A, Soydemir E, Aslan I. Evaluation of the relationship between perception of tobacco packaging warning messages and the nicotine addiction levels of smokers Marmara Medical Journal. 2009;22(2):111-22.
  • Referans33 Velioglu U, Sonmez CI. Relationship of nicotine dependence with sociodemographic characteristicsand depression in the patients admitted to smoking cessation clinic. Dicle Med J. 2018;45(1):35-41.
  • Referans34 Celepkolu T, Atli A, Palancı Y, Yılmaz A, Demir S, Ibiloglu AO, et al. The relationship between nicotine dependence level and age-gender among the smokers: Diyarbakir sample. Dicle Med J. 2014;41(4):712-6.
  • Referans35 Saad-Hussein A, Mohammed AM, Hafez SF, El-Tahlawy E, Shaheen W, Helmy MA, et al. Environmental and Social factors influencing in nicotine dependence detected through using Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Egyptian Journal of Environmental Research EJER. 2017;6:68-76.
  • Referans36 Buturak SV, Gunal N, Ozcicek G, Rezaki HO, Kocak OM, Kırıcı AG, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette addiction severity of the patients admitted to smoking cessation clinic. Turk J Clin Lab. 2016:72-6.
  • Referans37 Selcuk KT, Avcı D, Mercan Y. Smoking Addiction among University Students and the Willingness and SelfEfficacy to Quit Smoking. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2017;8(1):36-43.
  • Referans38 Borland R, Wilson N, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM, Yong H-H, et al. Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years. Tobacco control. 2009;18(5):358-64.
  • Referans39 Peters E, Romer D, Slovic P, Jamieson KH, Wharfield L, Mertz C, et al. The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among US smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2007;9(4):473-81.
  • Referans40 O’Hegarty M, Pederson LL, Nelson DE, Mowery P, Gable JM, Wortley P. Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages. AJPM. 2006;30(6):467-73.
  • Referans41 German Cancer Research Center. Effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages 2016 [Available from: https://www.dkfz.de/de/tabakkontrolle/Informationen_zur_Tabakontrolle.html.
  • Referans42 Bader RK, Shihab RA, Al-Rimawi DH, Hawari FI. Informing tobacco control policy in Jordan: assessing the effectiveness of pictorial warning labels on cigarette packs. BMC public health. 2018;18(1):84.
  • Referans43 Hoek J, Wong C, Gendall P, Louviere J, Cong K. Effects of dissuasive packaging on young adult smokers. Tobacco Control. 2011;20(3):183-8.
  • Referans44 Celik R, Durmaz M, Yorulmaz R, Polat FN. Visual communication within the risk warning on cigarette packs transmİtted messages smoking effect of nature. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences. 2016;3(25):1-22.
  • Referans45 Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Recall of tobacco pack health warnings by the population in Ukraine and its association with the perceived tobacco health hazard. International journal of public health. 2011;56(3):253-62.
Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 199 - 208, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337

Abstract

References

  • Referans1 WHO. MPOWER Policy package to control the tobacco epidemic 2016 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43888/5/9789241596633_tur.pdf.
  • Referans2 Jamal A, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Homa DM, Babb SD, King BA, et al. Current cigarette smoking among adults United States, 2016. MMWR. 2018;67(2):53.
  • Referans3 Li Z, Yao Y, Han W, Yu Y, Liu Y, Tao Y, et al. Smoking prevalence and associated factors as well as attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco control in Northeast China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(7):8606-18.
  • Referans4 Juranić B, Rakošec Ž, Jakab J, Mikšić Š, Vuletić S, Ivandić M, et al. Prevalence, habits and personal attitudes towards smoking among health care professionals. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2017;12(1):20.
  • Referans5 Ljaljević A, Mugoša B, Terzić N. Smoking Status, Knowledge And Attitudes Towards Tobacco Among Health Profession Students In Montenegro. Acta Medica Saliniana. 2017;46(1):52.
  • Referans6 Vanker A. Indoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a South African birth cohort study [doctorate]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2018.
  • Referans7 Kostova D, Andes L, Erguder T, Yurekli A, Keskinkılıç B, Polat S, et al. Cigarette prices and smoking prevalence after a tobacco tax increase Turkey, 2008 and 2012. MMWR. 2014;63(21):457.
  • Referans8 TC. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Turkey 2012. Ankara: Anıl Printing; Ministry of Health 2014.
  • Referans9 CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2018 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/index.htm.
  • Referans10 Mathre M. Alcohol tobacco and other drug problems in the community. In: Stanhope M LJ, editor. Community and Public Health Nursing: sixth. st. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2004. p. 848-74.
  • Referans11 WHO. Global status reporton alcohol and health 2014 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112736/1/9789240692763_eng.pdf?ua=1.
  • Referans12 Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS medicine. 2006;3(11):e442.
  • Referans13 Hammond D. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tobacco control. 2011;20(5):327-37.
  • Referans14 Gercek C, Dogan N. Effect of the written and combined warnings on the cigarette pockets on university students. Educational sciences:Theory & Practice. 2012;12(4):2573-84.
  • Referans15 Ozkaya S, Edinsel S, Ozkaya E, Hamzacebi H. Effects of new warning labels on cigarette packets among high school adolescents. Tuberculosis and thorax. 2009;57(3):327-32.
  • Referans16 Ozpulat F, Bilir N. Opinions of university students regarding pictorial warnings on cigarettes packs. Journal of Human Sciences. 2017;14(1):987-99.
  • Referans17 Bilir N, Kaplan B, Kücük Bicer B, Ararat E, Akyol M, Arslan A, et al. Opinions of a Group of High School Students in Ankara on Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packages. Turkish Thoracic Journal. 2013;14(4).
  • Referans18 Mazlum FS, Mazlum O. Effect of visual and written warnings on cigarette boxes on university students and some suggestions. Fine Arts. 2014;9(1):12-32.
  • Referans19 Jradi H, Saddik B. Graphic warnings and text warning labels on cigarette packages in Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Awareness and perceptions. Annals of thoracic medicine. 2018;13(1):22.
  • Referans20 Romer D, Ferguson SG, Strasser AA, Evans AT, Tompkins MK, Macisco J, et al. Effects of pictorial warning labels for cigarettes and quit-efficacy on emotional responses, smoking satisfaction, and cigarette consumption. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2017;52(1):53-64.
  • Referans21 Cho YJ, Thrasher JF, Yong H-H, Szklo AS, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, et al. Path analysis of warning label effects on negative emotions and quit attempts: A longitudinal study of smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the US. Social Science & Medicine. 2018;197:226-34.
  • Referans22 Uysal HB, Sonmez HM, Yasar MB. The evolution of smoking and hypertension association in last 20 years in the city of Aydın. Turkish Journal of Family Practice. 2016;20(2):54-63.
  • Referans23 Pomerleau CS, Carton SM, Lutzke ML, Flessland KA, Pomerleau OF. Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addict Behav. 1994;19(1):33-9.
  • Referans24 Gunes G, Genc M, Pehlivan E, Egri M, Kurcer M. Smoking behavior, dependence levels and quitting attitudes of workers working at Sümerbank and Tekel Factories in Malatya. Journal of Smoking Alarm for Health. 2001;4(1-4):73-80.
  • Referans25 Cifci S, Bayram Deger V, Saka G, Ceylan A. Smoking Prevalance and Affecting Factors among Nursing School Students. Van Medical Journal. 2018;25(2):89-99.
  • Referans26 Alacam H, Korkmaz A, Efe M, Sengul CB, Sengul C. Screening of alcohol and tobacco addiction in Pamukkale University students. Pamukkale Medical Journal. 2015;8(2):82-7.
  • Referans27 Yengil E, Cevik C, Demirkiran G, Neslin Akkoca A, Soylu Ozler G, Ozer C. Smoking among medical school students and attitudes against smoking. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2014;6(3):1-7.
  • Referans28 Juranić B, Rakošec Ž, Jakab J, Mikšić Š, Vuletić S, Ivandić M, et al. Prevalence, habits and personal attitudes towards smoking among health care professionals. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2017;12(1):20.
  • Referans29 Hossain S, Hossain S, Ahmed F, Islam R, Sikder T, Rahman A. Prevalence of tobacco smoking and factors associated with the initiation of smoking among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cent Asian J Glob Health. 2017;6(1).
  • Referans30 Picco L, Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Vaingankar JA, Chong SA. Smoking and nicotine dependence in Singapore: findings from a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Annals Academy of Medicine. 2017;41(8):325-34.
  • Referans31 Little MA, Derefinko KJ, Bursac Z, Ebbert JO, Colvin L, Talcott GW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of tobacco and nicotine containing product use in a sample of United States Air Force trainees. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2015;18(4):416-23.
  • Referans32 Onsuz MF, Topuzoglu A, Algan A, Soydemir E, Aslan I. Evaluation of the relationship between perception of tobacco packaging warning messages and the nicotine addiction levels of smokers Marmara Medical Journal. 2009;22(2):111-22.
  • Referans33 Velioglu U, Sonmez CI. Relationship of nicotine dependence with sociodemographic characteristicsand depression in the patients admitted to smoking cessation clinic. Dicle Med J. 2018;45(1):35-41.
  • Referans34 Celepkolu T, Atli A, Palancı Y, Yılmaz A, Demir S, Ibiloglu AO, et al. The relationship between nicotine dependence level and age-gender among the smokers: Diyarbakir sample. Dicle Med J. 2014;41(4):712-6.
  • Referans35 Saad-Hussein A, Mohammed AM, Hafez SF, El-Tahlawy E, Shaheen W, Helmy MA, et al. Environmental and Social factors influencing in nicotine dependence detected through using Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Egyptian Journal of Environmental Research EJER. 2017;6:68-76.
  • Referans36 Buturak SV, Gunal N, Ozcicek G, Rezaki HO, Kocak OM, Kırıcı AG, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette addiction severity of the patients admitted to smoking cessation clinic. Turk J Clin Lab. 2016:72-6.
  • Referans37 Selcuk KT, Avcı D, Mercan Y. Smoking Addiction among University Students and the Willingness and SelfEfficacy to Quit Smoking. Clin Exp Health Sci. 2017;8(1):36-43.
  • Referans38 Borland R, Wilson N, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM, Yong H-H, et al. Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years. Tobacco control. 2009;18(5):358-64.
  • Referans39 Peters E, Romer D, Slovic P, Jamieson KH, Wharfield L, Mertz C, et al. The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among US smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2007;9(4):473-81.
  • Referans40 O’Hegarty M, Pederson LL, Nelson DE, Mowery P, Gable JM, Wortley P. Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages. AJPM. 2006;30(6):467-73.
  • Referans41 German Cancer Research Center. Effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages 2016 [Available from: https://www.dkfz.de/de/tabakkontrolle/Informationen_zur_Tabakontrolle.html.
  • Referans42 Bader RK, Shihab RA, Al-Rimawi DH, Hawari FI. Informing tobacco control policy in Jordan: assessing the effectiveness of pictorial warning labels on cigarette packs. BMC public health. 2018;18(1):84.
  • Referans43 Hoek J, Wong C, Gendall P, Louviere J, Cong K. Effects of dissuasive packaging on young adult smokers. Tobacco Control. 2011;20(3):183-8.
  • Referans44 Celik R, Durmaz M, Yorulmaz R, Polat FN. Visual communication within the risk warning on cigarette packs transmİtted messages smoking effect of nature. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University Institute of Social Sciences. 2016;3(25):1-22.
  • Referans45 Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Recall of tobacco pack health warnings by the population in Ukraine and its association with the perceived tobacco health hazard. International journal of public health. 2011;56(3):253-62.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Erdal Akdeniz 0000-0001-7366-4017

Selma Öncel 0000-0002-1882-1793

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date January 23, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akdeniz, E., & Öncel, S. (2021). Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 11(2), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337
AMA Akdeniz E, Öncel S. Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. June 2021;11(2):199-208. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337
Chicago Akdeniz, Erdal, and Selma Öncel. “Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 11, no. 2 (June 2021): 199-208. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337.
EndNote Akdeniz E, Öncel S (June 1, 2021) Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 11 2 199–208.
IEEE E. Akdeniz and S. Öncel, “Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 199–208, 2021, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337.
ISNAD Akdeniz, Erdal - Öncel, Selma. “Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 11/2 (June 2021), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337.
JAMA Akdeniz E, Öncel S. Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2021;11:199–208.
MLA Akdeniz, Erdal and Selma Öncel. “Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, pp. 199-08, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.679337.
Vancouver Akdeniz E, Öncel S. Nicotine Dependence Levels of Individuals Applying a Family Health Center and Their Status of Being Affected by Warnings on Cigarette Packs. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2021;11(2):199-208.

14639   14640